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07/11/2022

Remplissage vasculaire: Quid dans la vrai vie US ?

Trends in Prehospital Blood, Crystalloid, and Colloid Administration in Accordance With Changes in Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines 
Clarke E E. et Al. Military Medicine, Volume 187, Issue 11-12, November-December 2022, Pages e1265–e1270,

Introduction


Hemorrhage is the leading threat to the survival of battlefield casualties. This study aims to investigate the types of fluids and blood products administered in prehospital trauma encounters to discover the effectiveness of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) recommendations.

Materials and Methods


This is a secondary analysis of a previously described dataset from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry with a focus on prehospital fluid and blood administration in conjunction with changes in the TCCC guidelines. We collected demographic information on each patient. We categorized receipt of each fluid type and blood product as a binary variable for each casualty and evaluated trends over 2007–2020 both unadjusted and controlling for injury severity and mechanism of injury.

Results


Our original dataset comprised 25,897 adult casualties from January 1, 2007 through March 17, 2020. Most (97.3%) of the casualties were male with a median age of 25. Most (95.5%) survived to hospital discharge, and 12.2% of the dataset received fluids of any kind. Medical personnel used crystalloids in 7.4% of encounters, packed red blood cells in 2.0%, and whole blood in 0.5% with very few receiving platelets or freeze-dried plasma. In the adjusted model, we noted significant year-to-year increases in intravenous fluid administration from 2014 to 2015 and 2018 to 2019, with significant decreases noted in 2008–2009, 2010–2012, and 2015–2016. We noted no significant increases in Hextend used, but we did note significant decreases in 2010–2012. For any blood product, we noted significant increases from 2016 to 2017, with decreases noted in 2009–2013, 2015–2016, and 2017–2018. Overall, we noted a general spike in all uses in 2011–2012 that rapidly dropped off 2012–2013. Crystalloids consistently outpaced the use of blood products. We noted a small upward trend in all blood products from 2017 to 2019.

Conclusions


Changes in TCCC guidelines did not immediately translate into changes in prehospital fluid administration practices. Crystalloid fluids continue to dominate as the most commonly administered fluid even after the 2014 TCCC guidelines changed to use of blood products over crystalloids. There should be future studies to investigate the reasons for delay in guideline implementation and efforts to improve adherence.

15/12/2021

RFE Rempliisage vasculaire

Remplissage.jpg

Clic sur l'image pour accéder au document

| Tags : remplissage

22/10/2020

Albumine: Le retour ?

Should Albumin be Considered for Prehospital Resuscitation in Austere Environments? A Prospective Randomized Survival Study in Rabbits

Kheirabadi BS et Al. Shock . 2020 Sep;54(3):358-367.

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Le remplissage vasculaire par albumine diluée n'est pas spécialement recommandé. Pourtant il semblerait que cela soit à tort dans certains environnements. C'est du moins ce que laisse penser ce travail expérimental chez le lapin.

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Background:

The new guidelines for prehospital care of combat casualties in shock recommend administration of whole blood or blood components to increase blood pressure to a permissible hypotensive level (i.e., hypotensive resuscitation [HR]). We investigated if 2 h of HR using limited volumes of whole blood, plasma, or albumin would lead to full recovery and long-term survival of rabbits subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock (HS).

Methods:

Following instrumentation, laparotomy was performed on IV-anesthetized spontaneously breathing New Zealand white rabbits (3.0 kg -3.5 kg). Next, ∼40% of rabbits' blood volume was removed producing HS (mean arterial pressure [MAP]∼20 mm Hg). Fifteen minutes later, rabbits were resuscitated with a limited volume (12.5 mL/kg) of rabbit whole blood (fresh whole blood [FWB]), rabbit fresh frozen plasma (FFP), or 5% human albumin (ALB) to a target pressure (MAP) of 60 mm Hg (n=8/grp) and monitored for 2 h. Liver bleeding time was measured at baseline and 10 min after HR. Subsequently, animals were fully resuscitated (blood + lactated Ringer [LR]), surgically repaired, and recovered for 8 days. An untreated group (n = 6) was also included.

Results:

Following HS, lactate and base deficit levels were increased to 8.2 ± 1.6 and 12.9 ± 3.1 mM respectively with no difference among groups. A lower volume of FWB volume was required to reach the target MAP (P < 0.05 vs. ALB) but MAP declined during the HR period (P < 0.01 vs. ALB).

image_2020-10-22_214840.png

FWB provided higher hematocrit and platelets but it did not reduce lactate level faster than other fluids. Beside higher fibrinogen, no differences were found in hemostatic or resuscitative effects of FFP versus ALB. Bleeding time was prolonged with ALB and FFP fluids but unchanged with FWB. Untreated rabbits died during shock or shortly after. All treated rabbits except one recovered and lived for 8 days with normal blood tests and similar tissue histology.

Conclusions:

Two hours of HR using a limited volume of FWB, FFP, or ALB led to full recovery and long-term survival of rabbits subjected to HS. Apart from bleeding time, no clinically significant differences were found among the three fluids. Five percent human albumin solutions are isotonic, iso-oncotic, ready-to-use, stable, and compatible with all blood types and should be considered for prehospital resuscitation where blood products are not available or not accepted.

| Tags : remplissage

27/06/2016

Albumine 20% plutôt que fibrinogène ?

Influences of limited resuscitation with plasma or plasma protein solutions on hemostasis and survival of rabbits with noncompressible hemorrhage

Kheirabadi BS et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81: 42–49

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Dans ce travail et alors que l'albumine diluée n'est pas recommandée, les auteurs évoquent la possibilité que les effets favorables d'une réanimation basée sur l'apport de plasma serait lié à l'apport de protéine et en particulier d'albumine qui aurait un effet tampon élevé, réduisant l'acidose métabolique, un des facteurs de la triade létale.

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BACKGROUND:

Plasma infusion with or without red blood cells is the current military standard of care for prehospital resuscitation of combat casualties. We examined possible advantages of early and limited resuscitation with fresh plasma compared with a single plasma protein or crystalloid solutions in an uncontrolled hemorrhage model in rabbits.

METHODS:

Anesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits (3.3 ± 0.1 kg) were instrumented and subjected to a splenic uncontrolled hemorrhage. Rabbits in shock were resuscitated at 15 minutes with Plasma-Lyte (PAL; 30 mL/kg), PAL + fibrinogen (PAL + F; 30 mL + 100 mg/kg), fresh rabbit plasma (15 mL/kg), or 25% albumin (ALB; 5 mL/kg) solution, all given in two bolus intravenous injections (15 minutes apart) to achieve a mean arterial pressure of 65 mm Hg, n = 8 to 9/group. Animals were monitored for 2 hours or until death, and blood loss was measured. Blood samples and tissues were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS:

There were no differences among groups in baseline measures and their initial bleeding volume at 15 minutes. At 60 minutes after injury, mean arterial pressure was higher with ALB than with crystalloids (PAL or PAL + F), but shock indices were not different despite the large differences in resuscitation volumes. Fibrinogen addition to PAL only increased clot strength. Plasma resuscitation increased survival rate (75%) without significant improvement in coagulation measures. Albumin administration replenished total plasma protein and increased survival rate to 100% (p < .05 vs. crystalloids). No histological adverse events were identified in the vital organs.

alb25.jpg

CONCLUSIONS:

Fibrinogen administration added to a compatible crystalloid did not improve hemostatic outcomes. Plasma resuscitation increased survival rate; however, its effects did not differ from those obtained with 25% ALB at one-third of the volume. The ALB advantage was consistent with our previous findings in which 5% ALB was used at a volume equal to plasma. The benefit of plasma for resuscitation may be mostly due to its ALB content rather than its coagulation proteins

01/05/2016

Albumine aussi bien que PFC ?

Influences of Limited Resuscitation with Plasma or Plasma Protein Solutions on Hemostasis and Survival of Rabbits with Non-Compressible Hemorrhage

J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016 Apr 27. Kheirabadi BS et Al.

 

BACKGROUND:

Plasma infusion with or without RBC is the current military standard of care for prehospital resuscitation of combat casualties. We examined possible advantages of early and limited resuscitation with fresh plasma compared with a single plasma protein or crystalloid solutions in an uncontrolled hemorrhage model in rabbits.

METHODS:

Anesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits (3.3±0.1 kg) were instrumented and subjected to a splenic uncontrolled hemorrhage. Rabbits in shock were resuscitated at 15 min with Plasma-Lyte (PAL; 30 ml/kg), PAL+ fibrinogen (PAL+F; 30ml+100mg/kg), fresh rabbit plasma (PLS; 15ml/kg), or 25% albumin (ALB; 5 ml/kg) solution; all given in two bolus IV injections (15 min apart) to achieve a MAP of 65 mmHg, n=8-9/group. Animals were monitored for 2 hrs or until death and blood loss was measured. Blood samples and tissues were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS:

There were no differences among groups in baseline measures and their initial bleeding volume at 15 min. At 60 min post-injury, MAP was higher with albumin than with crystalloids (PAL or PAL+F), but shock indices were not different despite the large differences in resuscitation volumes.

AlbVSPlasma.jpg

Fibrinogen addition to PAL only increased clot strength. Plasma resuscitation increased survival rate (75%) without significant improvement in coagulation measures. Albumin administration replenished total plasma protein, and increased survival rate to 100% (p<.05 vs. crystalloids). No histological adverse events were identified in the vital organs.

CONCLUSION:

Fibrinogen administration added to a compatible crystalloid did not improve hemostatic outcomes. Plasma resuscitation increased survival rate, however, its effects did not differ from those obtained with 25% albumin at 1/3 of the volume. The albumin advantage was consistent with our previous findings in which 5% albumin was used at a volume equal to plasma. The benefit of plasma for resuscitation may be mostly due to its albumin content rather than its coagulation proteins

 

| Tags : remplissage

09/01/2016

HES et hémorragie: Pas bon ménage ?

Effects of different types of fluid resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock on splanchnic organ microcirculation and renal reactive oxygen species formation

Wu et al. Critical Care (2015) 19:434

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Un travail de plus qui doit rendre raisonné sur l'emploi des colloïdes synthétiques qui si ils semblent préserver la circulation splanchnique seraient responsables de lésions oxydatives secondaires. CEla serait moins le cas avce le salé hypertonique.

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Introduction: Fluid resuscitation is an indispensable procedure in the acute management of hemorrhagic shock for restoring tissue perfusion, particularly microcirculation in splanchnic organs. Resuscitation fluids include crystalloids, hypertonic saline (HTS), and synthetic colloids, and their selection affects the recovery of microcirculatory blood flow and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which is often evident in the kidney, following reperfusion. In this study, the effects of acute resuscitation with 0.9 % saline (NS), 3 % HTS, 4 % succinylated gelatin (GEL), and 6 % hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 were compared in a hemorrhagic shock rat model to analyze restoration of microcirculation among various splanchnic organs and the gracilis muscle and reperfusion-induced renal ROS formation.

Methods: A total of 96 male Wistar rats were subjected to sham operation (sham group), hemorrhagic shock (control group), and resuscitation with NS, HTS, GEL and HES. Two hours after resuscitation, changes in the mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum lactate level and the microcirculatory blood flow among various splanchnic organs, namely the liver, kidney, and intestine (mucosa, serosal muscular layer, and Peyer’s patch), and the gracilis muscle, were compared using laser speckle contrast imaging. Renal ROS formation after reperfusion was investigated using an enhanced in vivo chemiluminescence (CL) method.

Results: Microcirculatory blood flow was less severely affected by hemorrhaging in the liver and gracilis muscle. Impairment of microcirculation in the kidney was restored in all resuscitation groups. Resuscitation in the NS group failed to restore intestinal microcirculation. Resuscitation in the HTS, GEL, and HES groups restored intestinal microcirculatory blood flow. By comparison, fluid resuscitation restored hemorrhagic shock-induced hypotension and decreased lactatemia in all resuscitation groups. Reperfusion-induced in vivo renal ROS formation was significantly higher in the GEL and HES groups than in the other groups.

Conclusion: Although fluid resuscitation with NS restored the MAP and decreased lactatemia following hemorrhagic shock, intestinal microcirculation was restored only by other volume expanders, namely 3 % HTS, GEL, and HES. However, reperfusion-induced renal ROS formation was significantly higher when synthetic colloids were used.

| Tags : remplissage

19/11/2015

Stratégie Low Flow: Encore confirmée

Efficacy of limited fluid resuscitation in patients with hemorrhagic shock: a meta-analysis

Duan C. et Al. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(7): 11645–11656.

ijcem0008-11645-f2.jpg

12/11/2015

Et l'albumine ?

Is limited prehospital resuscitation with plasma more beneficial than using a synthetic colloid? An experimental study in rabbits with parenchymal bleeding

Kheirabadi BS et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78: 752-759

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Il existe de grands débats sur la manière optimale d'assurer le remplissage vasculaire des blessés de guerre. Pour certains le fluide de référence est un hydroxyéthylamidon, pour d'autres un cristalloïde isotonique et en ce qui nous concerne les deux avec la mise en avant du sérum salé hypertonique premier suivi d'HEA. Actuellement il existe une tendance à promouvoir une autre stratégie faisant appel pour les blessés les plus graves au plasma voire la transfusion de sang frais. L'étude proposée avait pour objectif de confirmer l'intérêt d'une démarche "plasma premier". Une des surprises a été de constater que ce n'est pas cette dernière qui permettait d'obtenir le meilleur taux de survie mais l'emploi d'albumine, et ce de loin. Ces données expérimentales certes très partielles permettent aux auteurs (?)  de rediscuter les conclusions de travaux anciens notamment de l'étude SAFE (1,2). Les solutés d'albumine utilisés par cette dernière ont une osmolarité de 260 mosm/kg (versus 305 mosm/kg pour le sérum salé). Les effets délétères notamment chez le traumatisé crânien pourraient être dus non pas à  l'extravasation d'albumine dans le parenchyme cérébral lésé mais à l'hypoosmolarité de l'albumex 4%, ces deux mécanismes concourrant à la plus grande fréquence d'HTIC dans le groupe albumine (3).  A méditer

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BACKGROUND:

Reports of survival benefits of early transfusion of plasma with red blood cells (1:1 ratio) in trauma patients suggest that plasma may be a better fluid to replace Hextend for battlefield resuscitation. We studied possible advantages of prehospital resuscitation with plasma compared with Hextend or albumin in a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage.


METHODS:

Male New Zealand white rabbits (3.3 T 0.1 kg) were anesthetized, instrumented, and subjected to a splenic injury with uncontrolled bleeding. Ten minutes after injury (mean arterial pressure [MAP] G 40 mm Hg), the rabbits received small and equal volumes (15 mL/kg) of rabbit plasma (n = 10), Hextend (n = 10), or 5% human albumin (n = 9) or no fluid. Fluids were administered in two bolus injections (20 minutes apart) and targeted to aMAP of 65 mm Hg. Animals were monitored for 2.5 hours or until death, and their blood losses were measured. Arterial blood samples were collected at different times and analyzed for ABG, CBC, and coagulation tests.

RESULTS:

There were no differences in baseline measures among groups. Splenic injury caused similar hemorrhages (9.1 T 0.4 mL/kg at 10 minutes) and decreased MAP in all subjects. Subsequent resuscitation initiated additional bleeding. At 60 minutes after injury (20 minutes after resuscitation), longer activated partial thromboplastin time and lower fibrinogen concentrations were apparent compared with baseline values with differences among groups. Thrombelastography analysis indicated faster and stronger clot formation with plasma and albumin resuscitation than with Hextend use. Shock indices were increased in all groups, but smaller changes were measured in the albumin group. Total blood loss did not differ among resuscitated rabbits but was higher (p G 0.05) than among nonresuscitated animals. Survival rates were 11% (untreated), 40% (Hextend and plasma), and 89% (albumin, p G 0.05).

Albuminie COT.jpg

CONCLUSION:

Resuscitation with plasma or albumin better preserved coagulation function than did Hextend. However, despite these improvements, plasma resuscitation did not reduce blood loss or improve survival, while albumin administration seemed beneficial

Lent/régulier: Mieux pour le crâne ?

Resuscitation speed affects brain injury in a large animal model of traumatic brain injury and shock

Sillesen M et Al. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014 Aug 14;22:46

 ----------------------------------------

En matière de remplissage vasculaire,  on s'intéresse souvent à la nature des solutés et aux quantités perfusées. On s'intéresse moins aux vitesses de perfusion. Pourtant cette dernière a son importance. Le travail présenté est intéressant car il rapport qu'outre la nature du soluté importante mais aussi sa vitesse d'administration. Ainsi il semblerait que dans un modèle expérimental de traumatisme crânien l'emploi de solutés cristalloïdes de sérum salé isotonique soit responsable d'une augmentation de l'oedeme cérébal et du volume des lésions intracraniennes quel que soit le régime d'administration. Ce travail retrouve par ailleurs l'intérêt sur la maîtrise de l'oedeème cérébral  de l'apport de fraction coagulantes de manière procédurée par rapport au bolus. Si l'on replace ce document dans le contexte d'isolement et de maintien en survie de nos blessés notamment cranio-cérébraux en état de choc, cela implique une formation spécifique des équipes qui devront par ailleurs pouvoir disposer d'équipements adaptés comme celui_ci (1)

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BACKGROUND:

Optimal fluid resuscitation strategy following combined traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) remain controversial and the effect of resuscitation infusion speed on outcome is not well known. We have previously reported that bolus infusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) protects the brain compared with bolus infusion of 0.9% normal saline (NS). We now hypothesize reducing resuscitationinfusion speed through a stepwise infusion speed increment protocol using either FFP or NS would provide neuroprotection compared with a highspeed resuscitation protocol.

METHODS:

23 Yorkshire swine underwent a protocol of computer controlled TBI and 40% hemorrhage. Animals were left in shock (mean arterial pressure of 35 mmHg) for two hours prior to resuscitation with bolus FFP (n = 5, 50 ml/min) or stepwise infusion speed increment FFP (n = 6), bolus NS (n = 5, 165 ml/min) or stepwise infusion speed increment NS (n = 7). Hemodynamic variables over a 6-hour observation phase were recorded. Following euthanasia, brains were harvested and lesion size as well as brain swelling was measured.

RESULTS:

Bolus FFP resuscitation resulted in greater brain swelling (22.36 ± 1.03% vs. 15.58 ± 2.52%, p = 0.04), but similar lesion size compared with stepwise resuscitation. This was associated with a lower cardiac output (CO: 4.81 ± 1.50 l/min vs. 5.45 ± 1.14 l/min, p = 0.03). In the NS groups, bolus infusion resulted in both increased brain swelling (37.24 ± 1.63% vs. 26.74 ± 1.33%, p = 0.05) as well as lesion size (3285.44 ± 130.81 mm(3) vs. 2509.41 ± 297.44 mm3, p = 0.04). This was also associated with decreased cardiac output (NS: 4.37 ± 0.12 l/min vs. 6.35 ± 0.10 l/min, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this clinically relevant model of combined TBI and HS, stepwise resuscitation protected the brain compared with bolusresuscitation.

s13049-014-0046-2-4.jpg

 

| Tags : tbi, remplissage

08/11/2015

Damage Control: Vraiment bénéfique

Changing Patterns of In-Hospital Deaths Following Implementation of Damage Control Resuscitation Practices in US Forward Military Treatment Facilities

Langan NR et Al. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(9):904-912

Importance

Analysis of combat deaths provides invaluable epidemiologic and quality-improvement data for trauma centers and is particularly important under rapidly evolving battlefield conditions.

Objective

To analyze the evolution of injury patterns, early care, and resuscitation among patients who subsequently died in the hospital, before and after implementation of damage control resuscitation (DCR) policies.

Design, Setting, and participants

In a review of the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (2002-2011) of US forward combat hospitals, cohorts of patients with vital signs at presentation and subsequent in-hospital death were grouped into 2 time periods: pre-DCR (before 2006) and DCR (2006-2011).

Main outcomes and measures

Injury types and Injury Severity Scores (ISSs), timing and location of death, and initial (24-hour) and total volume of blood products and fluid administered.

Results 

Of 57 179 soldiers admitted to a forward combat hospital, 2565 (4.5%) subsequently died in the hospital. The majority of patients (74%) were severely injured (ISS > 15), and 80% died within 24 hours of admission. Damage control resuscitation policies were widely implemented by 2006 and resulted in a decrease in mean 24-hour crystalloid infusion volume (6.1-3.2 L) and increased fresh frozen plasma use (3.2-10.1 U) (both P < .05) in this population. The mean packed red blood cells to fresh frozen plasma ratio changed from 2.6:1 during the pre-DCR period to 1.4:1 during the DCR period (P < .01). There was a significant increase in mean ISS between cohorts (pre-DCR ISS = 23 vs DCR ISS = 27; P < .05) and a marked shift in injury patterns favoring more severe head trauma in the DCR cohort.

DCR BeforeAfter.jpg

Conclusions and relevance

There has been a significant shift in resuscitation practices in forward combat hospitals indicating widespread military adoption of DCR. Patients who died in a hospital during the DCR period were more likely to be severely injured and have a severe brain injury, consistent with a decrease in deaths among potentially salvageable patients

 

 

| Tags : remplissage

27/03/2015

Hypersalé: Mieux avec de la lidocaïne , du magnésium et de l'adénosine ?

Correction of acute traumatic coagulopathy with small-volume 7.5% NaCl adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ occurs within 5 minutes: A ROTEM analysis

Hayley L. et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78: 773-783

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La prévention/correction de la coagulopathie traumatique est un axe essentiel de la réanimation du traumatisé grave. Le choix du soluté a son importance. L'adjonction de lidocaïne, de magnésium et d'adénosine au NaCl7,5% serait bénéfique. On observerait une fibrinolyse beaucoup moins importante qu'avec le salé hypertonique seul.

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BACKGROUND: Acute traumatic coagulopathy is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity following hemorrhagic shock. Our aim was to examine the effect of small-volume 7.5% NaCl with adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM) resuscitation on the timing of correction of coagulopathy in the rat model of severe hemorrhagic shock using ROTEM.

METHODS: Male rats (300Y450 g, n = 64) were randomly assigned to (1) baseline, (2) sham, (3) bleed, (4) shock, (5) 7.5% NaCl for 5 minutes, (6) 7.5% NaCl with ALM for 5 minutes, (7) 7.5% NaCl for 60 minutes, or (8) 7.5% NaCl with ALM for 60 minutes (all n = 8). For resuscitation, 0.3-mL intravenous bolus of 7.5% NaCl was administered with and without ALM (n = 8 each group). Hemodynamics and coagulopathy were assessed.

RESULTS: After hemorrhage, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) increased approximately four to six times, and ROTEM indicated hypocoagulopathy. After 60-minute shock, no sustainable clots could form. 7.5% NaCl increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 46 T 2 mm Hg at 5 minutes and generated a weak clot in EXTEM with hyperfibrinolysis in all tests. At 60 minutes, 7.5% NaCl failed to sustain MAP (43 T 5 mm Hg) and generate a viable clot. In direct contrast, 7.5% NaCl with ALM at 5 minutes resuscitatedMAP to 64 T 3 mm Hg, corrected PT and aPTT, and generated fully formed EXTEM and FIBTEM clots. At 60 minutes, MAP was 69 T 5 mm Hg, PT and aPTT were fully corrected, and > angle, clot amplitudes (A10, A30), as well as clot firmness and elasticity were not significantly different from baseline. ALM clot lysis at 60 minutes was significantly less than bleed, shock, or 7.5% NaCl, indicating protection against hyperfibrinolysis.

 

Soluté Miracle.jpg

CONCLUSION: Small-volume 7.5% NaCl failed to resuscitate and correct coagulopathy. In contrast, 7.5% NaCl with ALM resuscitated MAP and corrected coagulopathy at 5 minutes, with further improvements at 60 minutes in clot kinetics, propagation, and firmness. ALM fully reversed hyperfibrinolysis to baseline. The possible mechanisms are discussed. (J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:

Salé, HEA, Plasma ou albumine ?

Is limited prehospital resuscitation with plasma more beneficial than using a synthetic colloid? An experimental study in rabbits with parenchymal bleeding 

Kheirabadi BS et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78: 752-759

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La recherche de la meilleure stratégie de remplissage vasculaire pour la prise en charge d'un traumatisé sévère relève de la quête du saint-Graal. L'article proposé rapporte un travail expérimental qui semble trouver in intérêt réel à l'emploi d'albumine 4%.

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BACKGROUND:
Reports of survival benefits of early transfusion of plasma with red blood cells (1:1 ratio) in trauma patients suggest that plasma may be a better fluid to replace Hextend for battlefield resuscitation. We studied possible advantages of prehospital resuscitation with plasma compared with Hextend or albumin in a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage.
 
METHODS:
Male New Zealand white rabbits (3.3 T 0.1 kg) were anesthetized, instrumented, and subjected to a splenic injury with uncontrolled bleeding. Ten minutes after injury (mean arterial pressure [MAP] G 40 mm Hg), the rabbits received small and equal volumes (15 mL/kg) of rabbit plasma (n = 10), Hextend (n = 10), or 5% human albumin (n = 9) or no fluid. Fluids were administered in two bolus injections (20 minutes apart) and targeted to aMAP of 65 mm Hg. Animals were monitored for 2.5 hours or until death, and their blood losses were measured. Arterial blood samples were collected at different times and analyzed for ABG, CBC, and coagulation tests.
 
RESULTS:
There were no differences in baseline measures among groups. Splenic injury caused similar hemorrhages (9.1 T 0.4 mL/kg at 10 minutes) and decreased MAP in all subjects. Subsequent resuscitation initiated additional bleeding. At 60 minutes after injury (20 minutes after resuscitation), longer activated partial thromboplastin time and lower fibrinogen concentrations were apparent compared with baseline values with differences among groups. Thrombelastography analysis indicated faster and stronger clot formation with plasma and albumin resuscitation than with Hextend use. Shock indices were increased in all groups, but smaller changes were measured in the albumin group. Total blood loss did not differ among resuscitated rabbits but was higher (p G 0.05) than among nonresuscitated animals. Survival rates were 11% (untreated), 40% (Hextend and plasma), and 89% (albumin, p G 0.05).
 

AlbuPreH.jpg

 CONCLUSION:

Resuscitation with plasma or albumin better preserved coagulation function than did Hextend. However, despite these improvements, plasma resuscitation did not reduce blood loss or improve survival, while albumin administration seemed beneficial

 

| Tags : remplissage

31/01/2015

Cristalloïde/Colloïde ration; Plutôt 1,5 que 4

Crystalloids Versus Colloids: Exploring Differences in Fluid Requirements by Systematic Review and Meta-Regression

Orbegozo Cortés D. et Al. Anesth Analg 2015;120:389–402

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Le débat qui porte sur l'efficacité comparée des solutés de remplissage n'est pas nouveau. Cette méta-analyse porte sur l'analyse de 27 publications sélectionnées parmi 978. Elle met en évidence la très grande hétérogénéité des données publiées. Les raisons avancées portent sur la nature des populations étudiées (fuite capillaire très variable), l'administration préhospitalière de fluides à des volumes mal connu ce qui va compliquer l'analyse ultérieure, les différences de pharmacodynamie et cintétique des différents solutés employés, le fait que pour un même soluté l'efficacité en terme de remplissage puisse varier en fonction du moment de son administration, Qui qu'il en soit il semble que le ratio actuel soit plus proche de 1,5 que de 4.

On rappelle que la procédure du sauvetage au combat met en avant l'emploi de soluté salé hypertonique en première intention (250 ml en 10 minutes) suivi de 500ml de colloïdes (à défaut 250 ml de salé hypertonique) en cas de non restauration du pouls radial. Ce choix est résulte d'un compromis dans lequel le poids des solutés est pris en compte.

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BACKGROUND:

Positive fluid balance has been associated with worse outcomes, and knowledge of differences in the amounts of different types of fluid needed to achieve the same end points may have important clinical implications. Large molecules persist longer in the blood vessels than smaller molecules, such that less IV colloid may be needed to achieve similar hemodynamic end points compared with crystalloid. Recent clinical data have, however, challenged this physiological concept, with investigators reporting lower-than-expected crystalloid/colloid ratios in various populations.

METHODS:

We performed a systematic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL up to December 18, 2013, to retrieve all studies comparing (any) crystalloid with (any) colloid in all types of patients. The crystalloid/colloid ratio was calculated for each study. Descriptive analysis was performed for all studies, and a meta-analysis was performed in those studies reporting full data (in terms of means and standard deviations) of infused fluid volumes. Studies were grouped according to study and population characteristics. A meta-regression analysis was then performed to evaluate some of the possible reasons for differences in crystalloid/colloid ratios across studies.

RESULTS:

From 976 studies, 48 were retained for the final analysis; 24 of the studies had sufficient data for meta-analysis. The crystalloid/colloid ratio across all the studies included in the meta-analysis was 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.36–1.65) with marked heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 94%). From the meta-regression analysis, decade of publication across all publications (P = 0.001) and concentration (tonicity) in the subgroup of albumin studies (P = 0.001) were associated with the administered crystalloid/colloid ratio. The reduction in heterogeneity among studies for all publications in the meta-regression was minimal, with the maximal decrease obtained when decade of publication was considered (R2 = 12%).

 

ColloidCristalRatio.jpg

CONCLUSIONS:

Greater fluid volumes are required to meet the same targets with crystalloids than with colloids, with an estimated ratio of 1.5 (1.36–1.65), but there is marked heterogeneity among studies. The crystalloid/colloid ratio seems to have decreased over the years, and differences in ratios are correlated with the concentration of albumin solutions; however, the main reasons behind the high heterogeneity among studies remain unclear.

12/12/2014

HEA: Possible pour les trauma ouverts

Differences between blunt and penetrating trauma after resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch

Casey JA et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77: 859-864

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Ce travail effectué avec un HEA ancien (450/07: Hetastarch®, Hextent®) suggère que l'emploi des HEA lors de la prise en charge de trauma ouvert n'est pas associé à un risque accru de décès ou d'insuffisance rénale. On rappelle qu'il ne s'agit pas de la même classe d'HEA que celle que nous avons l'habitude d'utiliser (130/0.4: Voluven)

remplissage----------------------------------------------------------------

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a single bolus of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 450/0.7 in lactated electrolyte injection) during initial resuscitation has a differential effect in blunt and penetrating trauma patients.
METHODS: Consecutive admissions to the trauma service were reviewed. Patients who died within 24 hours were excluded. Multivariate analysis defined individual predictors for the primary outcomes, acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality within 90 days. Data were expressed as mean T SD, and significance was assessed at p G 0.05.
RESULTS: Therewere 1,410 patients (76% male; mean T SD, age 43 T 18 years; 68% blunt trauma; mean T SD Injury Severity Score [ISS] 14 T 11; AKI, 4.4%; and mortality, 3.4%). HES (0.5-1.5 L) was administered to 216 patients (15.3%). After multiple logistic regression, HES remained a significant independent predictor of AKI after blunt trauma (odds ratio [OR], 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-5.19; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.809) but not penetrating
trauma (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.23-3.60; AUROC, 0.849). In separate logistic regression models, HES was a significant predictor of mortality after blunt trauma (OR, 3.77; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97; AUROC, 0.921) but not penetrating trauma (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.13-3.94; AUROC, 0.904).

HES.jpg
CONCLUSION: HES is an independent risk factor for AKI and death after blunt, but not penetrating, trauma, which underscores a fundamental difference between these two injury types.

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14/09/2014

HEA: Peut être un peu de sérénité ?

Hydroxyethyl Starches: A Tale of Two Contexts: The Problem of Knowledge

Weiskopf R. Anesth Analg. 2014 Sep;119(3):509-13.

Un débat moins passionné est en train de se mettre en place au sujet de la toxicité des HES. Le texte proposé en est un exemple. Il propose une relecture pertinente des études 6S, CHEST et surtout CRISTAL qui d'une certaine façon remet en question les deux précédentes. Il nous demande de prendre en compte plusieurs éléments : La diversité des HES, les différences qui peuvent exister entre une administration répétée en réanimation et une administration ponctuelle péri-opératoire. Il s'appuie sur deux écrits publiés dans le même numéro.

Raghunathan K et all. (Intravenous Starches: Is Suspension the Best Solution?) suggèrent que les solutions colloïdes sont à réserver pour les hypovolémies aiguës alors que Irwin et all. (Volume Therapy with Hydroxyethyl Starches: Are We Throwing the Anesthesia Baby Out with the Intensive Care Unit Bathwater?) estiment que le recours aux HES 130/0.4 est pleinement justifié en environnement périopératoire

Cette démarche correspond au positionnement de la SFAR. Rappelons que la position actuelle des instances européennes est la suivante:

"  Les solutions à base d’HEA peuvent être utilisées pour la réanimation des patients avec une hypovolémie causée par une perte aiguë de sang, quand les alternatives comme la perfusion de cristalloïdes seuls sont insuffisantes. Afin de limiter les risques potentiels, les solutions contenant des HEA ne devront pas être utilisées plus de 24 heures et la fonction rénale devra être monitorée après administration des HEA "

 

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04/09/2014

Remplissage vasculaire: Evolution majeure du TCCC

Fluid Resuscitation for Hemorrhagic Shock in Tactical Combat Casualty Care
 

L'emploi préhospitalier de la transfusion de globules rouges et de plasma était évoqué de manière anecdotique. Une évolution importante survient dans la procédure américaine du TCCC (1, 2). Cette pratique est en passe de devenir une recommandation protocolée de théâtre pour les blessés en état de choc (Pas de pouls radial et conscience altérée el l'absence de traumatisme crânien)  hémorragique avec notons le recours au Plyo du CTSA.

" Tactical Field Care and TACEVAC Care

7. Fluid resuscitation

a. The resuscitation fluids of choice for casualties in hemorrhagic shock, listed from most to least preferred, are: whole blood*; plasma, RBCs and platelets in 1:1:1 ratio*; plasma and RBCs in 1:1 ratio; plasma or RBCs alone; Hextend; and crystalloid (Lactated Ringers or Plasma-Lyte A).

b. Assess for hemorrhagic shock (altered mental status in the absence of brain injury and/or weak or absent radial pulse).

1. If not in shock:

- No IV fluids are immediately necessary.

- Fluids by mouth are permissible if the casualty is conscious and can swallow.

2. If in shock and blood products are available under an approved command or theater blood product administration protocol:

- Resuscitate with whole blood*, or, if not available

- Plasma, RBCs and platelets in a 1:1:1 ratio*, or, if not available

- Plasma and RBCs in 1:1 ratio, or, if not available;

- Reconstituted dried plasma, liquid plasma or thawed plasma alone or RBCs alone;

- Reassess the casualty after each unit. Continue resuscitation until a palpable radial pulse, improved mental status or systolic BP of 80-90 mmHg is present.

3. If in shock and blood products are not available under an approved command or theater blood product administration protocol due to tactical or logistical constraints:

- Resuscitate with Hextend, or if not available;

- Lactated Ringers or Plasma-Lyte A;

- Reassess the casualty after each 500 mL IV bolus;

- Continue resuscitation until a palpable radial pulse, improved mental status, or systolic BP of 80-90 mmHg is present.

- Discontinue fluid administration when one or more of the

above end points has been achieved.

4. If a casualty with an altered mental status due to suspected TBI has a weak or absent peripheral pulse, resuscitate as necessary to restore and maintain a normal radial pulse. If BP monitoring is available, maintain a target systolic BP of at least 90 mmHg.

5. Reassess the casualty frequently to check for recurrence of shock. If shock recurs, recheck all external hemorrhage control measures to ensure that they are still effective and repeat the fluid resuscitation as outlined above.

* Neither whole blood nor apheresis platelets as these products are currently collected in theater are FDA-compliant. Consequently, whole blood and 1:1:1 resuscitation using apheresis platelets should be used only if all of the FDA-compliant blood products needed to support 1:1:1 resuscitation are not avalaible

16/07/2013

Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients

CristalVSColl Cochrane.jpg

There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials that resuscitation using colloids compared with crystalloids reduces the risk of death in patients with trauma, burns or following surgery. The use of hydroxyethyl starch might even increase mortality. Since colloid use is not associated with improved survival and colloids are considerably more expensive than crystalloids, it is hard to see how their continued use in clinical practice can be justified.

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Point sur les problématiques actuelles du remplissage

PointRemplissage.jpg

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22/06/2013

Low flow mais pas zero flow resuscitation

remplissage,perfusion

Hampton D. et all. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74: S9-S15

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BACKGROUND:

Delivery of intravenous crystalloid fluids (IVF) remains a tradition-based priority during prehospital resuscitation of trauma patients. Hypotensive and targeted resuscitation algorithms have been shown to improve patient outcomes. We hypothesized that receiving any prehospital IVF is associated with increased survival in trauma patients compared with receiving no prehospital IVF.

METHODS:

Prospective data from 10 Level 1 trauma centers were collected. Patient demographics, prehospital IVF volume, prehospita and emergency department vital signs, lifesaving interventions, laboratory values, outcomes, and complications were collected and analyzed. Patients who did or did not receive prehospital IVF were compared. Tests for nonparametric data wer used to assess significant differences between groups (p e 0.05). Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the independent influence of IVF on outcome and complications.

RESULTS:

The study population consisted of 1,245 trauma patients; 45 were excluded owing to incomplete data; 84% (n = 1,009) received prehospital IVF, and 16% (n = 191) did not. There was no difference between the groups with respect to sex, age, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). The on-scene systolic blood pressure was lower in the IVF group (110 mm Hg vs. 100 mm Hg, p G 0.04) and did not change significantly after IVF, measured at emergency department admission (110 mm Hg vs. 105 mm Hg, p = 0.05). Hematocrit/hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and platelets were lower (p G 0.05), and prothrombin time/ international normalized ratio and partial thromboplastin time were higher (p G 0.001) in the IVF group. The IVF group received a median fluid volume of 700 mL (interquartile range, 300Y1,300). The Cox regression revealed that prehospital fluid administration was associated with increased survival (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.72Y0.98; p = 0.03). Site differences in ISS and fluid volumes were demonstrated (p G 0.001).

CONCLUSION:

Prehospital IVF volumes commonly used by PRospective Observational Multicenter Massive Transfusion Study (PROMMTT) investigators do not result in increased systolic blood pressure but are associated with decreased in-hospital mortality in trauma patients compared with patients who did not receive prehospital IVF

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C'est du moins ce que conclue ce travail qui porte sur l'administration préhospitalière de cristalloïdes dans le cadre de conditionnements qui apparaissent assez proche de notre pratique. Ces résultats interpellent cependant car prenant apparemment le contrepied d'une autre publication récente lisible ici.

Comme dans tout restons mesurés comme proposé par ce consensus  US

1. Patients porteur de plaies supérficielles: Pas d'abord veineux immédiat

2. Patient cohérent avec pouls radial: Verrou salé

3. Patient incohérent ou pas e pouls radial: Abord veineux et apport d'un volume de 500 ml

[ATTENTION AUX HEA AU SUJET DESQUELS LA CONTROVERSE S'ACCENTUE]

4. Répéter l'administration si pas d'effet 

5. Si trauma cranien obtenir une PAS > 90 mmHg


L'objectif n'est pas de restaurer une pression artérielle normale mais de maintenir une pression de perfusion compatible avec la survie jusqu'à la prise en charge par une équipe chirurgicale.

19/06/2013

HEA : Encore une publication contre

Association of Hydroxyethyl Starch Administration With Mortality and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Volume ResuscitationA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

In critically ill patients requiring acute volume resuscitation, use of hydroxyethyl starch compared with other resuscitation solutions was not associated with a decrease in mortality. Moreover, after exclusion of 7 trials performed by an investigator whose research has been retracted because of scientific misconduct, hydroxyethyl starch was associated with a significant increased risk of mortality and acute kidney injury. Clinical use of hydroxyethyl starch for acute volume resuscitation is not warranted due to serious safety concerns.

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