Hématome du cou suffocant

Hématome suffocant du cou: Que faire ?

 

1. Ouvrir le cou pour décomprimer la trachée

2. Intuber pour maintenir les voies aériennes ouvertes

3. Packing de la plaie +/- une sonde à ballonnet pour réduire le saignement et pasnsement compressif

 

Ici un exemple vidéo dans un contexte postopératoire de throïdectomie:

Dispositifs supraglottiques:Pléthore ?

Review of Commercially Available Supraglottic Airway Devices for Prehospital Combat Casualty Care 

Copeland GB et Al. Military Medicine, Volume 187, Issue 7-8, July-August 2022, Pages e862–e876

 

Pour rappel ce type de dispositifs n'est pas recommandé en traumatologie du fait du risque de déplacement et d'inhalation et ce malgré une simplicité apparente d'emploi. De plus la diversité des ces dispositifs doit interpeller.

 

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Background

Airway obstruction is the second leading cause of potentially survivable death on the battlefield. The Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care lists airway optimization among the top 5 battlefield research and development priorities; however, studies show that combat medics lack access to the recommended supraglottic airway (SGA) devices. SGA devices are an alternative airway management technique to endotracheal tube intubation. Reports have shown SGA devices are easier to use and take fewer attempts to provide patent airflow to the patient when compared to endotracheal tube intubation. Military settings require a higher degree of skill to perform airway management on patients due to the environment, limited availability of equipment, and potential chaos of the battlefield. Finding the optimal SGA device for the military setting is an unmet need. The International Organization for Standardization describes basic functional requirements for SGA devices, as well as patient configurations and size limitations. Beyond that, no SGA device manufacturer states that their devices are intended for military settings.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a market review of 25 SGA devices that may meet inclusion into the medics’ aid bag. The company’s official “Instructions for Use” document, Google Scholar, and FDA reports were reviewed to obtain information for each SGA device.

Results

Twenty-five commercially available SGA devices are explored from manufacturer online sources. A commercially available device list is shown later in this paper, which provides the device’s features, indications, and contraindications based on the manufacturer’s product information documentation.

Conclusions

There are a variety of devices that require further testing to determine whether they should be included in sets, kits, and outfits.

 

Intubation des traumas sévères pénétrants

Prehospital and emergency department airway management of severe penetrating trauma in Sweden during the past decade
Renberg M et Al. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2023 Nov 24;31(1):85

 

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On sait cet exercice difficile même entre des mains expérimentées. Cet article le confirme. N'oublions pas; ce qui compte en premier c'est d'oxygéner. Avant de procéder à une intubation, bien évaluer l'état hémodynamique car une induction et une mise sous respirateur peuvent l'altérer, voire être responsable d'un arrêt cardiaque.

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Background: 

Prehospital tracheal intubation (TI) is associated with increased mortality in patients with penetrating trauma, and the utility of prehospital advanced airway management is debated. The increased incidence of deadly violence in Sweden warrants a comprehensive evaluation of current airway management for patients with penetrating trauma in the Swedish prehospital environment and on arrival in the emergency department (ED).

Methods: 

This was an observational, multicenter study of all patients with penetrating trauma and injury severity scores (ISSs) ≥ 15 included in the Swedish national trauma register (SweTrau) between 2011 and 2019. We investigated the frequency and characteristics of prehospital and ED TI, including 30-day mortality and patient characteristics associated with TI.

Result: 

Of 816 included patients, 118 (14.5%) were intubated prehospitally, and 248 (30.4%) were intubated in the ED. Patients who were intubated prehospitally had a higher ISS, 33 (interquartile range [IQR] 25, 75), than those intubated in the ED, 25 (IQR 18, 34). Prehospital TI was associated with a higher associated mortality, OR 4.26 (CI 2.57, 7.27, p < 0.001) than TI in the ED, even when adjusted for ISS (OR 2.88 [CI 1.64, 5.14, p < 0.001]). Hemodynamic collapse (≤ 40 mmHg) and low GCS score (≤ 8) were the characteristics most associated with prehospital TI. Traumatic cardiac arrests (TCAs) occurred in 154 (18.9%) patients, of whom 77 (50%) were intubated prehospitally and 56 (36.4%) were intubated in the ED. A subgroup analysis excluding TCA showed that patients with prehospital TI did not have a higher mortality rate than those with ED TI, OR 2.07 (CI 0.93, 4.51, p = 0.068), with OR 1.39 (0.56, 3.26, p = 0.5) when adjusted for ISS.

Conclusion: 

Prehospital TI was associated with a higher mortality rate than those with ED TI, which was specifically related to TCA; intubation did not affect mortality in patients without cardiac arrest. Mortality was high when airway management was needed, regardless of cardiac arrest, thereby emphasizing the challenges posed when anesthesia is needed. Several interventions, including whole blood transfusions, the implementation of second-tier EMS units and measures to shorten scene times, have been initiated in Sweden to counteract these challenges. Sweden.

Laryngoscopie ? McGrath +++

A multicentre randomised controlled trial of the McGrath Mac videolaryngoscope versus conventional laryngoscopy
M Kriege M et All. Anaesthesia. 2023 Mar 16. doi: 10.1111/anae.15985.

Before completion of this study, there was insufficient evidence demonstrating the superiority of videolaryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy for elective tracheal intubation. We hypothesised that using videolaryngoscopy for routine tracheal intubation would result in higher first-pass tracheal intubation success compared with direct laryngoscopy. In this multicentre randomised trial, 2092 adult patients without predicted difficult airway requiring tracheal intubation for elective surgery were allocated randomly to either videolaryngoscopy with a Macintosh blade (McGrath) or direct laryngoscopy. First-pass tracheal intubation success was higher with the McGrath (987/1053, 94%), compared with direct laryngoscopy (848/1039, 82%); absolute risk reduction (95%CI) was 12.1% (10.9-13.6%). This resulted in a relative risk (95%CI) of unsuccessful tracheal intubation at first attempt of 0.34 (0.26-0.45; p < 0.001) for McGrath compared with direct laryngoscopy. Cormack and Lehane grade ≥ 3 was observed more frequently with direct laryngoscopy (84/1039, 8%) compared with McGrath (8/1053, 0.7%; p < 0.001) No significant difference in tracheal intubation-associated adverse events was observed between groups. This study demonstrates that using McGrath videolaryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy improves first-pass tracheal intubation success in patients having elective surgery. Practitioners may consider using this device as first choice for tracheal intubation.

Trauma des voies aériennes

Blunt and Penetrating Airway Trauma 

Duggan  LV et Al.. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2023 Feb;41(1S):e1-e15. 

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C'est une chose compliquée, pas simple surtout en condition de combat et qui justifie la maîtrise d'un abord chirurgical du cou.  Ce document est, je trouve, excellent.

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Airway injury, be that penetrating or blunt, is a high-stakes high-stress management challenge for any airway manager and their team. Penetrating and blunt airway injury vary in injury patterns requiring prepracticed skills and protocols coordinating care between specialties. Variables including patient cooperation, coexisting injuries, cardiorespiratory stability, care location (remote vs tertiary care center), and anticipated course of airway injury (eg, oxygenating well and comfortable vs increasing subcutaneous emphysema) all play a role in determining airway if and when airway management is required. Direct airway trauma is relatively infrequent, but its presence should be accompanied by in-person or virtual otolaryngology support.

NAEMSP Prehospital Airway Position Papers

The National Association of EMS Physicians Compendium of Airway Management Position Statements and Resource Documents

Clic sur le titre pour accéder à la page de présentation des documents

Dispositifs supraglottiques:Pléthore ?

Review of Commercially Available Supraglottic Airway Devices for Prehospital Combat Casualty Care 

Copeland GB et Al. Military Medicine, Volume 187, Issue 7-8, July-August 2022, Pages e862–e876

 

Pour rappel ce type de dispositifs n'est pas recommandé en traumatologie du fait du risque de déplacement et d'inhalation et ce malgré une simplicité apparente d'emploi. De plus la diversité des ces dispositifs doit interpeller.

 

--------------------------

 

Background

Airway obstruction is the second leading cause of potentially survivable death on the battlefield. The Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care lists airway optimization among the top 5 battlefield research and development priorities; however, studies show that combat medics lack access to the recommended supraglottic airway (SGA) devices. SGA devices are an alternative airway management technique to endotracheal tube intubation. Reports have shown SGA devices are easier to use and take fewer attempts to provide patent airflow to the patient when compared to endotracheal tube intubation. Military settings require a higher degree of skill to perform airway management on patients due to the environment, limited availability of equipment, and potential chaos of the battlefield. Finding the optimal SGA device for the military setting is an unmet need. The International Organization for Standardization describes basic functional requirements for SGA devices, as well as patient configurations and size limitations. Beyond that, no SGA device manufacturer states that their devices are intended for military settings.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a market review of 25 SGA devices that may meet inclusion into the medics’ aid bag. The company’s official “Instructions for Use” document, Google Scholar, and FDA reports were reviewed to obtain information for each SGA device.

Results

Twenty-five commercially available SGA devices are explored from manufacturer online sources. A commercially available device list is shown later in this paper, which provides the device’s features, indications, and contraindications based on the manufacturer’s product information documentation.

Conclusions

There are a variety of devices that require further testing to determine whether they should be included in sets, kits, and outfits.

 

RSI: Que fait on ?

Rapid sequence induction: An international survey

Klucka J et Al. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020 Jun;37(6):435-442

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La kétamine, la kétamine la kétamine, la kéta......,  la............ Mais pour vous ouvrir l'esprit lisez donc également cet article

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Background: Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a standard procedure, which should be implemented in all patients with a risk of aspiration/regurgitation during anaesthesia induction.

Objective: The primary aim was to evaluate clinical practice in RSI, both in adult and paediatric populations.

Design: Online survey.

Settings: A total of 56 countries.

Participants: Members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology.

Main outcome measures: The aim was to identify and describe the actual clinical practice of RSI related to general anaesthesia.

Results: From the 1921 respondents, 76.5% (n=1469) were qualified anaesthesiologists. When anaesthetising adults, the majority (61.7%, n=1081) of the respondents preoxygenated patients with 100% O2 for 3 min and 65.9% (n=1155) administered opioids during RSI.

The Sellick manoeuvre was used by 38.5% (n=675) and was not used by 37.4% (n=656) of respondents. First-line medications for a haemodynamically stable adult patient were propofol (90.6%, n=1571) and suxamethonium (56.0%, n=932). Manual ventilation (inspiratory pressure <12 cmH2O) was used in 35.5% (n=622) of respondents. In the majority of paediatric patients, 3 min of preoxygenation (56.6%, n=817) and opioids (54.9%, n=797) were administered. The Sellick manoeuvre and manual ventilation (inspiratory pressure <12 cmH2O) in children were used by 23.5% (n=340) and 35.9% (n=517) of respondents, respectively. First-line induction drugs for a haemodynamically stable child were propofol (82.8%, n=1153) and rocuronium (54.7%, n=741).

Conclusion: We found significant heterogeneity in the daily clinical practice of RSI. For patient safety, our findings emphasise the need for international RSI guidelines

RSI: Transfusez avant si le blessé saigne +++

Rapid Sequence Induction Strategies Among Critically Injured U.S. Military During the Afghanistan and Iraq Conflicts
Emerling Alec D et Al. Mil Med. 2021 Jan 25;186(Suppl 1):316-323. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usaa356.

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Pour une meilleure stabilité hémodynamique des blessés graves, peu importe l'agent si l est employé à la bonne dose ET SURTOUT transfusez avant l'induction si votre blessé saigne/a saigné.

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Abstract

Introduction: Rapid sequence intubation of patients experiencing traumatic hemorrhage represents a precarious phase of care, which can be marked by hemodynamic instability and pulseless arrest. Military combat trauma guidelines recommend reduced induction dose and early blood product resuscitation. Few studies have evaluated the role of induction dose and preintubation transfusion on hemodynamic outcomes. We compared rates of postintubation systolic blood pressure (SBP) of < 70 mm Hg, > 30% drop in SBP, pulseless arrest, and mortality at 24 hours and 30 days among patients who did and did not receive blood products before intubation and then examined if induction agent and dose influenced the same outcomes.

Materials and methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed of battle-injured personnel presenting to surgical care facilities in Iraq and Afghanistan between 2004 and 2018. Those who received blood transfusions, underwent intubation, and had an Injury Severity Score of ≥15 were included. Intubation for primary head, facial, or neck injury, burns, operative room intubations, or those with cardiopulmonary resuscitation in progress were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the five study outcomes among patients who did and did not receive preintubation blood products. The same analysis was performed for patients who received full or excessive versus partial induction agent dose.

Results:

A total of 153 patients had a mean age of 24.9 (SD 4.5), Injury Severity Score 29.7 (SD 11.2), heart rate 122.8 (SD 24), SBP 108.2 (SD 26.6). Eighty-one (53%) patients received preintubation blood products and had similar characteristics to those who did not receive transfusions. Adjusted multivariate analysis found odds ratios as follows: 30% SBP decrease 9.4 (95% CI 2.3-38.0), SBP < 70 13.0 (95% CI 3.3-51.6), pulseless arrest 18.5 (95% CI 1.2-279.3), 24-hour mortality 3.8 (95% CI 0.7-21.5), and 30-day mortality 1.3 (0.4-4.7). In analysis of induction agent choice and comparison of induction agent dose, no statistically significant benefit was seen.

Conclusion:

Within the context of this historical cohort, the early use of blood products conferred a statistically significant benefit in reducing postintubation hypotension and pulseless arrest among combat trauma victims exposed to traumatic hemorrhage. Induction agent choice and dose did not significantly influence the hemodynamic or mortality outcomes.

Trauma du larynx: Faites une échographie !

Novel role of focused airway ultrasound in early airway assessment of suspected laryngeal trauma

Adi et al. Ultrasound J (2020) 12:37

Background

 

Upper airway injury secondary to blunt neck trauma can lead to upper airway obstruction and potentially cause a life-threatening condition. The most important aspect in the care of laryngeal trauma is to establish a secure airway. Focused airway ultrasound enables recognition of important upper airway structures, offers early opportunity to identify life-threatening upper airway injury, and allows assessment of the extent of injury. This information that can be obtained rapidly at the bedside has the potential to facilitate rapid intervention.

Case presentation

We report a case series that illustrate the diagnostic value of focused airway ultrasound in the diagnosis of laryngeal trauma in patients presenting with blunt neck injury.

Conclusion

Early recognition, appropriate triaging, accurate airway evaluation, and prompt management of such injuries are essential. In this case series, we introduce the potential role of focused airway ultrasound in suspected laryngeal trauma, and the correlation of these exam findings with that of computed tomography (CT) scanning, based on the Schaefer classification of laryngeal injury.

Intuber avec un robot ?

Automated tracheal intubation in an airway manikin using a robotic endoscope: a proof of concept study.

Biro P et Al. Anaesthesia. 2020 Jan 3. doi: 10.1111/anae.14945. [Epub ahead of print]

 

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L'idée n'est pas nouvelle et plusieurs prototypes ont été utilisés: le KIS ( Kepler Intubation System, 1, 2), le Remote Robot-Assisted Intubation System (RRAIS, 3). L'idée globale est de permettre la réalisation de ce geste par des personnels relativement peu expérimentés.  C'est déjà le cas avec les vidéolaryngoscopes, qui améliorent la vision du plan glottique sans assurer cependant l'insertion trachéale de la sonde. Si ces travaux sont encourageants, il faut cependant admettre que du chemin reste à parcourir. Ainsi ce travail porte non pas sur l'insertion d'une sonde dans la trachée mais sur les phases qui précèdent ce qui constitue l'objectif final d'une intubation. 

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Robotic endoscope-automated via laryngeal imaging for tracheal intubation (REALTI) has been developed to enable automated tracheal intubation. This proof-of-concept study using a convenience sample of participants, comprised of trained anaesthetists and lay participants with no medical training, assessed the performance of a robotic device for the insertion of a tracheal tube into a manikin. A prototype robotic endoscope device was inserted into the trachea of an airway manikin by seven anaesthetists and seven participants with no medical training. Each individual performed six device insertions into the trachea in manual mode and six in automated mode. The anaesthetists succeeded with 40/42 (95%) manual insertions (median (IQR [range]) 17 (12-26 [4-132]) s) and 40/42 (95%) automated insertions (15 (13-18 [7-25]) s). The non-trained participants succeeded in 41/42 (98%) manual insertions (median (IQR [range]) 18 (13-21 [8-133]) s) and 42/42 (100%) automated insertions (16 (13-23 [10-58])] s). The duration of insertion did not differ between groups. An effect of increasing experience was observed in both groups in manual mode. A Likert scale for 'ease of use' (0 = very difficult to 10 = very easy) showed similar results within the two groups; the mean (SD) was 5.9 (2.1) for the anaesthetists and 6.9 (1.3) for the non-trained participants. We have successfully performed the first automated tracheal device insertion in a manikin with comparable results in a convenience sample of anaesthetists and lay participants with no medical training.

Reco Intubation vigile chez l'adulte

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ISR chez le traumatisé: Etomidate toujours pas convaincant

Pre-hospital emergent intubation in trauma patients: the influence of etomidate on mortality, morbidity and healthcare resource utilization.

Gäßler M  et AL. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019 Jun 7;27(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s13049-019-0637-z.

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Cette publication revient sur le débat qui porte sur l'emploi de l'étomidate pour l'intubation préhospitalière. Son emploi est remis en cause par certains, notamment à cause de ses effets dépresseurs cortico-surrénaliens tout particulièrement en cas de sepsis. Les auteurs,  si ils ne rapportent pas d'effets délétères sur la mortalité, mettent en évidence une durée d'hospitalisation et de ventialtion plus longue dans le groupe ETO. Plusieurs informations méritent une lecture critique de ce travail. Le premier est la présence dans le groupe non-ETO de thiopental, responsable de nombreux décès lors de l'attaque de pearl harbour (1). La seconde est l'augmentation significative de défaillance cardio-vasculaire dan le groupe non-ETO. On peut se poser la question de l'impact du thiopental dans ce groupe. Le propofol peut également être à l'origine d'une instabilité hémodynamique et nécessite un vrai apprentissage. La quatrième réflexion porte sur le niveau de qualification, qui n'est pas précisé, des personnels réalisant ces intubations.

Ce document ne permet pa de remettre en question la recommandation d'emploi de la Kétamine pour l'ISR dans le cadre de la mise en condition de survie du blessé de guerre (2).

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 BACKGROUND:

Due to its favorable hemodynamic characteristics and by providing good intubation conditions etomidate is often used for induction of general anesthesia in trauma patients. It has been linked to temporary adrenal cortical dysfunction. The clinical relevance of this finding after a single-dose is still lacking appropriate evidence.

METHODS:

This retrospective multi-centre study is based on merged data from a German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) database and a large trauma patient registry. All trauma patients who were intubated prior to hospital admission with a documented Injury Severity Score ≥ 9 between 2008 and 2012 were eligible for analysis. The primary endpoint was hospital mortality. Other outcome measures were organ failures, sepsis, length of ventilation, as well as length of stay in hospital and ICU.

RESULTS:

One thousand six hundred ninety seven patients were enrolled into the study. Seven hundred sixty two patients received etomidate and 935 patients received other induction agents. The in-hospital mortality was similar in both groups (18.9% versus 18.2%; p = 0.71). Incidences of organ failures and sepsis were not increased in the etomidate group. However, health care resource utilization parameters were prolonged (after adjusting: + 1.3 days for ICU length of stay, p = 0.062; + 0.8 days for length of ventilation, p = 0.15; + 2,7 days for hospital length of stay, p = 0.034). A multivariable logistic regression analysis did not identify etomidate as an independent predictor of hospital mortality (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.77-1.57; p = 0.60).

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the largest trial investigating outcome data for trauma patients who had received a single-dose of etomidate for induction of anesthesia. The use of etomidate did not affect mortality. The influence on morbidity and health care resource utilization remains unclear.

Anesthésie PréHosp: Recos scandinave

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ISR: Ket/Celo SANS autre chose

Does the addition of fentanyl to ketamine improve haemodynamics, intubating conditions or mortality in emergency department intubation: A systematic review

Ferguson I et Al. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019 May;63(5):587-593

 

Background

Ketamine is an induction agent frequently used for general anaesthesia in emergency medicine. Generally regarded as haemodynamically stable, it can cause hypertension and tachycardia and may cause or worsen shock. The effects of ketamine may be improved by the addition of fentanyl to the induction regime. We conducted a systematic review to identify evidence with regard to the effect of adding fentanyl to an induction regime of ketamine and a paralysing agent on post‐induction haemodynamics, intubating conditions and mortality.

Methods

We conducted a search of the Cochrane library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PROQUEST, OpenGrey and clinical trial registries. Prominent authors were contacted in order to identify additional literature pertinent to the research question. Studies were included if they pertained to intubation of adult patients in the prehospital or emergency department environments and included an induction regime of ketamine and a paralysing agent, with at least one outcome measure of haemodynamics, intubating conditions or mortality. Search results were reviewed by two investigators independently, adjudicated by a third investigator where disagreement occurred.

Results

One observational study was identified that partially answered the research question.

 

".......There was a difference in the primary outcome of post‐intuba‐
tion hypotension of 17% in the fentanyl group vs 6% in the non‐
fentanyl group (a relative risk of 2.81, 95% confidence interval
2.00‐3.92)..........Intubation was achieved on first pass more frequently in the fen‐
tanyl rather than the non‐fentanyl group, with a relative risk of need‐
ing more than one attempt at intubation of 0.74 (95% CI 0.60‐0.93)
in the fentanyl group...."

 

Discussion

Only one observational study was identified that partially answered the research question. This paper demonstrated that the use of fentanyl as a pretreatment increases the incidence of post‐induction hypotension, a phenomenon that was seen with propofol, midazolam and ketamine. The difference in hypotension between these agents was not statistically significant. The impact of this on patient‐orientated outcomes is unclear.

Management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults

 

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Voies aériennes et choc hémorragique, que faire ?

Airway and ventilation management strategies for hemorrhagic shock. To tube, or not to tube, that is the question!

Hudson  AJ et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018 Jun;84(6S Suppl 1):S77-S82

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Primum non nocere. Souvent ne pas faire parce que c'est le plus prudent ET NON PAS PARCE QU'ON N'A PAS APPRIS ET QU'ON NE SAIT DONC PAS FAIRE.

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Many standard trauma management guidelines advocate the early use of endotracheal intubation (ETI) and positive pressure ventilation as key treatment interventions in hemorrhagic shock. The evidence for using these airway and ventilation strategies to manage a circulation problem is unclear. The potentially harmful effects of drug-assisted intubation and positive pressure ventilation include reduced cardiac output, apnea, hypoxia, hypocapnea (due to inadvertent hyperventilation), and unnecessarily prolonged on-scene times. Conversely, the beneficial effects of spontaneous negative pressure ventilation on cardiac output are well described. Few studies, however, have attempted to explore the potential advantages of a strategy of delayed intubation and ventilation (together with a policy of aggressive volume replacement) in shocked trauma patients. Given the lack of evidence, the decision making around how, when, and where to subject shocked trauma patients to intubation and positive pressure ventilation remains complex. If providers choose to delay intubation, they must have the appropriate skills to safely manage the airway and recognize the need for subsequent intervention. If they decide to perform intubation and positive pressure ventilation, they must understand the potential risks and how best to minimize them. We suggest that for patients with hemorrhagic shock who do not have a compromised airway and who are able to maintain adequate oxygen saturation (or mentation if monitoring is unreliable), a strategy of delayed intubation should be strongly encouraged.

US: Mieux que la main pour la conio

A multicentre prospective cohort study of the accuracy of conventional landmark technique for cricoid localisation using ultrasound scanning

D Lee et Al. Anaesthesia. 2018 Oct;73(10):1229-1234

 

Cricoid pressure is employed during rapid sequence induction to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Correct application of cricoid pressure depends on knowledge of neck anatomy and precise identification of surface landmarks. Inaccurate localisation of the cricoid cartilage during rapid sequence induction risks incomplete oesophageal occlusion, with potential for pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. It may also compromise the laryngeal view for the anaesthetist. Accurate localisation of the cricoid cartilage therefore has relevance for the safe conduct of rapid sequence induction.

We conducted a multicentre, prospective cohort study to determine the accuracy of cricoid cartilage identification in 100 patients. The cranio‐caudal midpoint of the cricoid cartilage was identified by a qualified anaesthetic assistant using the conventional landmark technique and marked. While maintaining the patient in the same position, a second mark was made by identifying the midpoint of the cricoid cartilage using ultrasound scanning.

The mean (SD) distance between the two marks was 2.07 (8.49) mm. In 41% of patients the midpoint was incorrectly identified by a margin greater than 5 mm. This error was uniformly distributed both above and below the midpoint of the cricoid cartilage. The Pearson correlation coefficient of this error with respect to body mass index was 0.062 (p = 0.539) and with age was −0.020 (p = 0.843). There were also no significant differences in error between male and female patients.

Identification of cricoid position using a landmark technique has a high degree of variability and has little correlation with age, sex or body mass index. These findings have significant implications for the safe application of cricoid pressure in the context of rapid sequence induction.

ISR par des non médecins: Oui possible

Prehospital Rapid Sequence Intubation by Intensive Care Flight Paramedics.

Delorenzo A et Al. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Sep-Oct;22(5):595-601

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Vaste débat. En France une intubation ne peut être réalisé que par un médecin ou un IADE. Ce n'est pas le cas dans d'autres pays, notamment anglo-saxonss mais pas que, où ce geste est pratiqué également par des techniciens paramédicaux spécifiquement formés notamment les paramedics. On rappelle que sous ce terme se cache des techniciens dont la formation centrée sur l'urgence dure près de 3 ans. Ce travail montre que, dans un environnement de traumatologie,  sous réserve d'une formation adaptée, d'une pratique régulière et l'application de protocole un très haut succés est atteint. Il vient en appui des analyses faites dans ces documents (1, 2)

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OBJECTIVE:

Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is an advanced airway procedure for critically ill or injured patients. Paramedic-performed RSI in the prehospital setting remains controversial, as unsuccessful or poorly conducted RSI is known to result in significant complications. In Victoria, intensive care flight paramedics (ICFPs) have a broad scope of practice including RSI in both the adult and pediatric population. We sought to describe the success rates and characteristics of patients undergoing RSI by ICFPs in Victoria, Australia.

METHODS:

A retrospective data review was conducted of adult (≥ 16 years) patients who underwent RSI by an ICFP between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016. Data were sourced from the Ambulance Victoria data warehouse.

RESULTS:

A total of 795 cases were included in analyses, with a mean age of 45 (standard deviation = 19.6) years. The majority of cases involved trauma (71.7%), and most patients were male (70.1%). Neurological pathologies were the most common clinical indication for RSI (68.3%). The first pass success rate of intubation was 89.4%, and the overall success rate was 99.4%. Of the 5 failed intubations (0.6%), all patients were safely returned to spontaneous respiration. Two patients were returned via bag/valve/mask (BVM) support alone, two with BVM and oropharyngeal airway, and one via supraglottic airway. No surgical airways were required. Overall, we observed transient cases of hypotension (5.2%), hypoxemia (1.3%), or both (0.1%) in 6.6% of cases during the RSI procedure.

CONCLUSION:

A very high RSI procedural success rate was observed across the study period. This supports the growing recognition that appropriately trained paramedics can perform RSI safely in the prehospital environment.

Echo pour l'intubation

Integration of Point-of-care Ultrasound during Rapid Sequence Intubation in Trauma Resuscitation.

Mishra PR et Al. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2018 Apr-Jun;11(2):92-97

Introduction:

Airway and breathing management play critical role in trauma resuscitation. Early identification of esophageal intubation and detection of fatal events is critical. Authors studied the utility of integration of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) during different phases of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in trauma resuscitation.

Methods:

It was prospective, randomized single-centered study conducted at the Emergency Department of a level one trauma center. Patients were divided into ultrasonography (USG) and clinical examination (CE) arm. The objectives were to study the utility of POCUS in endotracheal tube placement and confirmations and identification of potentially fatal conditions as tracheal injury, midline vessels, paratracheal hematoma, vocal cord pathology, pneumothorax, and others during RSI. Patient >1 year of age were included. Time taken for procedure, number of incorrect intubations, and pathologies detected were noted. The data were collected in Microsoft Excel spread sheets and analyzed using Stata (version 11.2, Stata Corp, Texas, U. S. A) software.

Results:

One hundred and six patients were recruited. The mean time for primary survey USG versus CE arm was (20 ± 10.01 vs. 18 ± 11.03) seconds. USG detected four pneumothorax, one tracheal injury, and one paratracheal hematoma. The mean procedure time USG versus CE arm was (37.3 ± 21.92 vs. 58 ± 32.04) seconds. Eight esophageal intubations were identified in USG arm by POCUS and two in CE arm by EtCO2 values.

Conclusion:

Integration of POCUS was useful in all three phases of RSI. It identified paratracheal hematoma, tracheal injury, and pneumothorax. It also identified esophageal intubation and confirmed main stem tracheal intubation in less time compared to five-point auscultation and capnography.