Premier niveau de compétence pour l'échographie clinique en médecine d’urgence

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Tracheal ultrasonography and ultrasonographic lung sliding for confirming endotracheal tube placement: Speed and Reliability

Karacabey S. et Al. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Jan 26. pii: S0735-6757(16)00037-1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.01.027.

BACKGROUND:

In this study we aimed to evaluate the success of ultrasonography (USG) for confirming the tube placement and timeliness by tracheal USG and ultrasonographic lung sliding in resuscitation and rapid sequence intubation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This study was a prospective, single-center, observational study conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Patients who went under emergency intubation because of respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or severe trauma included in the study. Patients with severe neck trauma, neck tumors, history of neck operation or tracheotomy and under 18years old were excluded from the study.

RESULTS:

A total of 115 patients included in the study. The mean age was 67.2±17.1 with age 16-95years old. Among 115 patients 30 were cardiac arrest patients other 85 patients were non-cardiac arrest patients intubated with rapid sequence intubation. The overall accuracy of the ultrasonography was 97.18% (95% CI, 90.19-99.66%), and the value of kappa was 0.869 (95% CI, 0.77-0.96), indicating a high degree of agreement between the ultrasonography and capnography. The ulrasonography took significantly less time than capnography in total.

DISCUSSION:

Ultrasonography achieved high sensitivity and specificity for confirming tube placement and results faster than end-tidal carbon dioxide. Ultrasonography is a good alternative for confirming the endotracheal tube placement. Future studies should examine the use of ultrasonography as a method for real-time assessment of endotracheal tube placement by emergency physicians with only basic ultrasonographic training.

L'embarras du choix mais l'expertise doit passer avant

Sonosite Iviz

GE VScan

6a0148c7e770aa970c014e5f6f744d970c-pi

Siemens Acuson P10

Mobi US

Sonoscanner Ulite

Konica - Minolta SonImage P3

Philips Visiq

HCNOCTN190-IMS-fr_CH?wid=435&hei=245&$pnglarge$

Does physician experience influence the interpretability of focused echocardiography images performed by a pocket device?

Bobbia X et al. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine (2015) 23:52

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Il existe un très grand engouement concernant l'emploi d'échographe dit de poche. Cet article appelle a être plus circonspect. Sil il s'agit bien de faire rentrer l'échographie dans la pratique quotidienne, encore faut il que cela soit assorti d'une qualification réelle.

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Introduction: The use of focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) in a prehospital setting is recommended. Pocket ultrasound devices (PUDs) appear to be well suited to prehospital FoCUS. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the interpretability of echocardiography performed in a prehospital setting using a PUD based on the experience of the emergency physician (EP).

Methods: This was a monocentric prospective observational study. We defined experienced emergency physicians (EEPs) and novice emergency physicians (NEPs) as echocardiographers if they had performed 50 echocardiographies since their initial university training (theoretical training and at least 25 echocardiographies performed with a mentor). Each patient undergoing prehospital echocardiography with a PUD was included. Four diagnostic items based on FoCUS were analyzed: pericardial effusions (PE), right ventricular dilation (RVD), qualitative left ventricular function assessment (LVEF), and inferior vena cava compliance (IVCC). Two independent experts blindly evaluated the interpretability of each item by examining recorded video loops. If their opinions were divided, then a third expert concluded.

Results: Fourteen EPs participated: eight (57 %) EEPs and six (43 %) NEPs. Eighty-five patients were included: 34 (40 %) had an echocardiography by an NEP and 51 (60 %) by an EEP. The mean number of interpretable items by echocardiography was three [1; 4]; one [0; 2.25] in the NEP group, four [3; 4] in EEP (p < .01). The patient position was also associated with interpretable items: supine three [2; 4], “45°” three [1; 4], sitting two [1; 4] (p = .02). In multivariate analysis, only EP experience was associated with the number of interpretable items (p = .02). Interpretability by NEPs and EEPs was: 56 % vs. 96 % for LVF, 29 % vs. 98 % for PE, 26 % vs. 92 % for RVD, and 21 % vs. 67 % for IVCC (p < .01 for all).

Conclusion: FoCUS with PUD in prehospital conditions was possible for EEPs, It is difficult and the diagnostic yield is poor for NEPs.

Focused ultrasound for airway management

http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/698570e2#/698570e2/1Tutoriel Philips

SANS HĖSITER: IL FAUT S'Y METTRE +++

Clic sur l'image pour accéder au document

Autres sources 1 2 3

Deux exemples

1. Visualisation de l'épiglotte:

- Vue transverse

- Vue parasagittale

2. Repérage du cartilage cricoïdienne en coupe sagittale ou parasagittale

3. Réalisation d'une coniotomie

Prospective evaluation of prehospital trauma ultrasound during aeromedical transport.

Press GM et Al. J Emerg Med. 2014 Dec;47(6):638-45

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L'apport de l'échographie est incontournable pour la prise en charge des traumatisés. Son emploi en prehospitalier est proposé. Pour autant la mise en oeuvre de ce moyen d'exploration n'est pas si simple et demande une grande expertise. Le travail présenté porte sur la mise en oeuvre de ce type d'exploration par technicinens paramédicaux expérimentés et ayant suivi une formation sur une période de deux mois. malgré cela leur performance reste modeste. Un examen négatif de permet pas de conclure. Ceci plaide pour un peu de modération concernant l'engouement actuel. Comme pour tout il faut investir sur la formation pour être performant.

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BACKGROUND:

Ultrasound is widely considered the initial diagnostic imaging modality for trauma. Preliminary studies have explored the use of trauma ultrasound in the prehospital setting, but the accuracy and potential utility is not well understood.

OBJECTIVE:

We sought to determine the accuracy of trauma ultrasound performed by helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) providers.

METHODS:

Trauma ultrasound was performed in flight on adult patients during a 7-month period. Accuracy of the abdominal, cardiac, and lung components was determined by comparison to the presence of injury, primarily determined by computed tomography, and to required interventions.

RESULTS:

HEMS providers performed ultrasound on 293 patients during a 7-month period, completing 211 full extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST) studies. HEMS providers interpreted 11% of studies as indeterminate. Sensitivity and specificity for hemoperitoneum was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.1%-94.1%) and 94.1% (95% CI 89.2%-97%), and for laparotomy 64.7% (95% CI 38.6%-84.7%) and 94% (95% CI 89.2%-96.8%), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for pneumothorax were 18.7% (95% CI 8.9%-33.9%) and 99.5% (95% CI 98.2%-99.9%), and for thoracostomy were 50% (95% CI 22.3%-58.7%) and 99.8% (98.6%-100%), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio for laparotomy was 10.7 (95% CI 5.5-21) and for thoracostomy 235 (95% CI 31-1758), and the negative likelihood ratios were 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-0.7) and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3-0.8), respectively. Of 240 cardiac studies, there was one false-positive and three false-negative interpretations (none requiring intervention).

CONCLUSIONS:

HEMS providers performed EFAST with moderate accuracy. Specificity was high and positive interpretations raised the probability of injury requiring intervention. Negative interpretations were predictive, but sensitivity was not sufficient for ruling out injury.

In-flight thoracic ultrasound detection of pneumothorax in combat

Madill JJ J Emerg Med. 2010 Aug;39(2):194-7

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Ce cas clinique est intéressant car il démontre que le recours à l'échographie est dans ce cas non seulement possible mais indispensable compte tenu des difficultés d'auscultation en vol. Ceci étant dit il faut cependant être bien conscient du caractère opérateur dépendant de l'échographie qui peut être peu parlante et nécessiter donc une pratique réelle au delà d'une simple formation à la FAST échographie

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Background: Ultrasonography is the only portable imaging modality available in the helicopter medical evacuation environment where physical examination is limited, auscultation is impossible, long transport times may occur, and altitude variations are frequent. Although the use of ultrasonography by aviation medical personnel has been documented, minimal literature exists on the contribution of in-flight ultrasonography to patient management. Objectives: This case demonstrates an indication for the use of in-flight ultrasonography. It shows how it can affect in-flight management and direct lifesaving intervention.

Case Report: A patient with blast injury developed hemodynamic instability of unclear etiology during transport in the combat aviation environment. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case where in-flight thoracic ultrasonography augmented physical examination and diagnosed an untreated pneumothorax when auscultation was impossible. It directed the decision to perform in-flight procedural intervention with tube thoracostomy. This rapidly improved the patient’s hemodynamic stability in a remote and hostile setting.

Conclusion: In-flight thoracic ultrasonography is a portable imaging tool that can be used by aviation medical personnel to detect pneumothorax in environments where physical examination is limited and auscultation is impossible

Limited intervention improves technical skill in focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography among novice examiners.

Frederiksen et al. BMC Med Educ. 2012 Aug 3;12:65

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La généralisation de l'échographie est une avancée majeure. Mais comment apprendre ? La pratique de l'échographie ciblée se développe notamment en médecine d'urgence. A côté des formations classiques de type DU existent de nombreuses formations de courte durée, certaines de quelques heures. Le travail présenté met en évidence qu'un tel type de formation permet une manipulation relativement fiable des équipements et l'obtention de coupes sonographiques propres à être interprétées. On notera que ceci est obtenu A CONDITION qu'au moins 10 examens supervisés soient conduits, ce qui n'est souvent pas fait avec suffisamment de rigueur dans ce que nous pouvons proposer actuellement. Par ailleurs voir et interpréter de manière fiable ne sont pas superposables (1).

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BACKGROUNDS:

Previous studies addressing teaching and learning in point-of-care ultrasound have primarily focussed on image interpretation and not on the technical quality of the images. We hypothesized that a limited intervention of 10 supervised examinations would improve the technical skills in Focus Assessed Transthoracic Echocardiography (FATE) and that physicians with no experience in FATE would quickly adopt technical skills allowing for image quality suitable for interpretation.

METHODS:

Twenty-one physicians with no previous training in FATE or echocardiography (Novices) participated in the study and a reference group of three examiners with more than 10 years of experience in echocardiography (Experts) was included. Novices received an initial theoretical and practical introduction (2 hours), after which baseline examinations were performed on two healthy volunteers. Subsequently all physicians were scheduled to a separate intervention day comprising ten supervised FATE examinations. For effect measurement a second examination (evaluation) of the same two healthy volunteers from the baseline examination was performed.

RESULTS:

At baseline 86% of images obtained by novices were suitable for interpretation, on evaluation this was 93% (p = 0.005). 100% of images obtained by experts were suitable for interpretation. Mean global image rating on baseline examinations was 70.2 (CI 68.0-72.4) and mean global image rating after intervention was 75.0 (CI 72.9-77.0), p = 0.0002. In comparison, mean global image rating in the expert group was 89.8 (CI 88.8-90.9).

CONCLUSIONS:

Improvement of technical skills in FATE can be achieved with a limited intervention and upon completion of intervention 93% of images achieved are suitable for clinical interpretation.

Un document pdf qui synthétise les données à connaître pour l'examen échographique cardio-respiratoire. Une approche standardisée appelée est visualisable ici.

Clic sur l'image pour accéder au document

Ultrafest: A Novel Approach to Ultrasound in Medical Education Leads to Improvement in Written and Clinical Examinations

Connolly K et All. West J Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;16(1):143-8.

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L'apprentissage de l'échographie est un impératif en médecine d'urgence. Cependant une véritable qualification ne peut être obtenue qu'au travers de formations universitaires assorties de pratiques réelles et régulières. La pratique des certains protocoles simplifiés comme le FAST serait d'acquisition plus simples. Aussi sont souvent proposées des formations de courtes durées. Ces dernières semblent en théorie très intéressantes en contexte militaire. Une analyse raisonnée de la réalité doit tempérer cet enthousiasme. Le travail présenté montre que si les connaissances théoriques des étudiants sont améliorées par une formation d'une journée, cette dernière ne permet pas l'acquisition d'une pratique suffisamment fiable. Ainsi la formation de nos personnels, qui repose souvent sur des formations de courtes durée, doit elle vue comme une découverte de cette pratique et non pas comme permettant l'acquisition d'un réel savoir faire.

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Introduction:

Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of hands-on training at a bedside ultrasound (US) symposium (“Ultrafest”) to improve both clinical knowledge and image acquisition skills of medical students. Primary outcome measure was improvement in multiple choice questions on pulmonary or Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) US knowledge. Secondary outcome was improvement in image acquisition for either pulmonary or FAST.

Methods:

Prospective cohort study of 48 volunteers at “Ultrafest,” a free symposium where students received five contact training hours. Students were evaluated before and after training for proficiency in either pulmonary US or FAST. Proficiency was assessed by clinical knowledge through written multiple-choice exam, and clinical skills through accuracy of image acquisition. We used paired sample t-tests with students as their own controls.

Results:

Pulmonary knowledge scores increased by a mean of 10.1 points (95% CI [8.9-11.3], p<0.00005), from 8.4 to a posttest average of 18.5/21 possible points. The FAST knowledge scores increased by a mean of 7.5 points (95% CI [6.3-8.7] p<0.00005), from 8.1 to a posttest average of 15.6/ 21. We analyzed clinical skills data on 32 students. The mean score was 1.7 pretest and 4.7 posttest of 12 possible points. Mean improvement was 3.0 points (p<0.00005) overall, 3.3 (p=0.0001) for FAST, and 2.6 (p=0.003) for the pulmonary US exam.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that a symposium on US can improve clinical knowledge, but is limited in achieving image acquisition for pulmonary and FAST US assessments. US training external to official medical school curriculum may augment students’ education

Tracheal rapid ultrasound saline test (T.R.U.S.T.) for confirming correct endotracheal tube depth in children

Tessaro MO et Al. Resuscitation. 2014 Sep 17. pii: S0300-9572(14)00741-2

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On parle beaucoup de l'apport de l'échographie en préhospitalier et plus particulièrement de l'échographie des voies aériennes. Ce travail réalisé dans un contexte de pédiatrie hospitalière est intéressant car il peut peut-être être transposé à nos besoins. Etre rapidement certain du caractère effectif de l'intubation peut être difficile. L'échographie peut être d'un apport important par la visualisation d'un glissement pleural bilatéral. On peut aussi gonfler le ballonnet de la sonde [Ce qui est fait lors de transports aériens non ou mal préssurisés], ce qui permettra d'observer non un cône d'ombre en arriere du ballonnet mais les structures anatomiques du fait de la transmissions des ondes permise par l'eau présente dans le ballonnet.

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OBJECTIVES:

We evaluated the accuracy of tracheal ultrasonography of a saline-inflated endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff for confirming correct ETT insertion depth.

METHODS:

We performed a prospective feasibility study of children undergoing endotracheal intubation for surgery. Tracheal ultrasonography at the suprasternal notch was performed during transient endobronchial intubation and inflation of the cuff with saline, and with the ETT at a correct endotracheal position. Ultrasound videos were recorded at both positions, which were confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. These videos were shown to two independent blinded reviewers, who determined the presence or absence of a saline-inflated cuff. The primary outcome was accuracy of tracheal ultrasonography for appropriate ETT insertion depth.

RESULTS:

Forty-two patients were enrolled. For correct endotracheal versus endobronchial positioning, pooled results from the reviewers revealed a sensitivity of 98.8% (95% CI=90-100%), a specificity of 96.4% (95% CI=87-100%), a PPV of 96.5% (95% CI=87-100%), a NPV of 98.8% (95% CI=89-100%), a positive likelihood ratio of 32 (95% CI=6-185), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.015 (95% CI=0.004-0.2). Agreement between reviewers was high (kappa co-efficient=0.93; 95% CI=0.86 to 1). The mean duration of the ultrasound exam was 4.0s (range 1.0-15.0s).

CONCLUSIONS:

Sonographic visualization of a saline-inflated ETT cuff at the suprasternal notch is an accurate and rapid method for confirming correct ETT insertion depth in children.

Point of care ultrasound for orotracheal tube placement assessment in out-of hospital setting.

Zadel S et AL. Resuscitation. 2014 Nov 20;87C:1-6

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A lire cet article, on comprend pourquoi l'engouement actuel pour l'échographie des voies aériennes. A coup sûr une technique à maîtriser en préhospitalier.

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AIM OF THE STUDY:

The percentage of unrecognised orotracheal tube displacement in an out-of-hospital setting has been reported to be between 4.8% and 25%. The aim of our study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of Point-of-Care-UltraSound (POCUS) for confirming the propertube position after an urgent orotracheal intubation in an out-of-hospital setting and the time needed for POCUS.

METHODS:

Our single-centred prospective study included all patients who needed out-of-hospital orotracheal intubation. After the intubation, bilateral chest auscultation and assessment of bilateral lung sliding and diaphragm excursion within POCUS were done. Spectrographic quantitative capnography was used as the reference standard to confirm a proper tube position.

RESULTS:

We enrolled 124 patients. For auscultation, sensitivity and negative predicted value were 100%, specificity was 90% and positive predicted value 30% (95% confidence interval).

Sensitivity, specificity, positive predicted value, and negative predicted value for POCUS alone and for a combination of auscultation and POCUS were 100% (95% confidence interval). In three patients, we detected endobronchial tube displacement with auscultation and POCUS. Capnography failed to detect displacement in all three cases. The median time needed for POCUS was 30s.

CONCLUSION:

Results of our study support POCUS as an accurate and reliable method for confirming the proper orotracheal tube placement in trachea and it is feasible for out-of-hospital setting implementation. POCUS also seems to be time saving method but to make definitive conclusion more studies should be done.

Ten good reasons to practice ultrasound in critical care

Lichtenstein D. et AL Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014 Nov-Dec;46(5):323-35

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Le document proposé est une réflexion faite par un des promoteurs mondial de l'échographie pulmonaire. Il s'agit donc d'un document référence à lire en cliquant sur le lien proposé dans le titre.

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Abstract

Over the past decade, critical care ultrasound has gained its place in the armamentarium of monitoring tools. A greater understanding of lung, abdominal, and vascular ultrasound plus easier access to portable machines have revolutionised he bedside assessment of our ICU patients. Because ultrasound is not only a diagnostic test, but can also be seen as a component of the physical exam, it has the potential to become the stethoscope of the 21st century. Critical care ultrasound is a combination of simple protocols, with lung ultrasound being a basic application, allowing assessment of urgent diagnoses in combination with therapeutic decisions. The LUCI (Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill) consists of the identification of ten signs: the bat sign (pleural line); lung sliding (seashore sign); the A-lines (horizontal artefact); the quad sign and sinusoid sign indicating pleural effusion; the fractal and tissue-like sign indicating lung consolidation; the B-lines and lung rockets indicating interstitial syndromes; abolished lung sliding with the stratosphere sign suggesting pneumothorax; and the lung point indicating pneumothorax. Two more signs, the lung pulse and the dynamic air bronchogram, are used to distinguish atelectasis from pneumonia. The BLUE protocol (Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency) is a fast protocol (< 3 minutes), also including a vascular (venous) analysis allowing differential diagnosis in patients with acute respiratory failure. With this protocol, it becomes possible to differentiate between pulmonary oedema, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pneumothorax, each showing specific ultrasound patterns and profiles. The FALLS protocol (Fluid Administration Limited by Lung Sonography) adapts the BLUE protocol to be used in patients with acute circulatory failure. It makes a sequential search for obstructive, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, and distributive shock using simple real-time echocardiography in combination with lung ultrasound, with the appearance of B-lines considered to be the endpoint for fluid therapy. An advantage of lung ultrasound is that the patient is not exposed to radiation, and so the LUCI-FLR project (LUCI favouring limitation of radiation) can be unfolded in trauma patients. Although it has been practiced for 25 years, critical care ultrasound is a relatively young but expanding discipline and can be seen as the stethoscope of the modern intensivist. In this review, the usefulness and advantages of ultrasound in the critical care setting are discussed in ten points. The emphasis is on a holistic approach, with a central role for lung ultrasound.

Ultrasound in the Austere Environment: A Review of the History, Indications, and Specifications

Russel TC et AL. Military Medicine, 178, 1:21, 2013

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L'échographie s'est très largement démocratisée et du fait des améliorations technologiques continues est en passe de devenir un outil incontournable non seulement en médecine d'urgence (1) mais tout simplement en médecine générale. La maîtrise de cette pratique est donc incontournable pour tout médecin militaire projeté. Cependant connaître une technique et la maîtriser sont deux choses différentes, c'est dire l'importance non seulement de la nature des formations initiales et surtout des modalités de maintien des compétences (2). Intégrer cet outil dans son raisonnement clinique impose une réflexion personnelle sur son niveau d'expertise comme celui de pouvoir réaliser de manière fiable l'acquisition de toutes les coupes d'une FAST Echo en 5 min. D'autres indications plus médicales sont bien réelles voire même plus fréquentes. Très certainement, le recours à des outils de simulation trouvera très rapidement une place (3)

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In the last 10 years, the use of ultrasound has expanded because of its portability, safety, real-time image display, and rapid data collection. Simultaneously, more people are going into the backcountry for enjoyment and employment. Increased deployment for the military and demand for remote medicine services have led to innovative use and study of ultrasound in extreme and austere environments. Ultrasound is effective to rapidly assess patients during triage and evacuation decision making. It is clinically useful for assessment of pneumothorax, pericardial effusion, blunt abdominal trauma, musculoskeletal trauma, high-altitude pulmonary edema, ocular injury, and obstetrics, whereas acute mountain sickness and stroke are perhaps still best evaluated on clinical grounds. Ultrasound performs well in the diverse environments of space, swamp, jungle, mountain, and desert. Although some training is necessary to capture and interpret images, real-time evaluation with video streaming is expected to get easier and cheaper as global communications improve. Although ultrasound is not useful in every situation, it can be a worthwhile tool in the austere or deployed environment.

L’échographie ciblée en médecine d’urgence. Nouvelles normes et applications avancées. Position conjointe de l’Association des médecins d’urgence du Québec (AMUQ) et de l’Association des spécialistes en médecine d’urgence du Québec (ASMUQ) adoptée le 7 novembre 2012

La pratique de l'échographie aux urgences est très régulière. Si des formations courtes permettent un apprentissage rapide de techniques de débrouillage comme la FAST Echo, seule une pratique régulière encadrée permet l'acquisition d'une véritable expertise. Le tableau présenté rappelle les prérequis nécessaires à un exercice indépendant chez nos cousins québécois.

Clic ici pour accéder au document

Husain LF et All. Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax.

J Emerg Trauma Shock 2012;5:76-81

Position de la sonde

Images normales

Le glissement pleural Vidéo

La chauve-souris

Le bord de plage

Les lignes B

Images Anormales attestant du pneumothorax

Pas de glissement Vidéo

Le signe du Barcode

Les lignes A

Le point poumon

Le pouls pulmonaire

Pour aller plus loin:

Un cours commenté

Un diaporama du BMP

Échographie abdominopelvienne d’urgence.
Principales indications

Petrovic T. et Al. Urgences 2010

L’échographie clinique s’est développée en médecine d’urgence depuis plusieurs années pour devenir incontournable. De nombreuses études ont montré son efficacité et son intérêt en médecine d’urgence tant extrahospitalière qu’intrahospitalière. Un transfert progressif de compétences s’est opéré entre les radiologues d’une part, les spécialistes ayant intégré les ultrasons dans leur pratique courante (cardiologues, gynéco-obstétriciens, etc.) d’autre part et les médecins urgentistes. De fait, la question principale d’aujourd’hui n’est plus « pourquoi faire ? », mais « comment faire ? ». Après avoir choisi le bon appareil et la bonne sonde, une des réponses à cette question consiste à choisir des indications et des incidences précises et focalisées répondant à des besoins cliniques et non pas seulement diagnostiques. Répondre, par exemple, aux questions posées par une douleur abdominale implique un raisonnement médical intégrant de nombreuses variables parmi lesquelles certaines peuvent être explorées par l’échographie d’urgence. Il n’est donc pas question, tout du moins dans un premier temps, de rechercher des lésions fines au chevet du malade, mais plutôt de repérer des anomalies directes ou indirectes s’intégrant dans un syndrome plus général.Du fait de la richesse potentielle des informations fournies par une échographieabdominale, une attitude pragmatique est donc la plus adaptée.

L'article

Anatomical distribution of traumatic pneumothoraces on chest computed tomography: implicationsfor ultrasound screening in the ED

Mennicke M et alll. Am J Emerg Med 2012 Sep;30(7):1025-31

Un travail qui précise les zones optimales d'exploration de la région thoracique pour l'identiifcation optimale des pneumothorax traumatiques.

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OBJECTIVES:

We sought to assess the anatomical distribution of traumatic pneumothoraces (PTXs) on chest computed tomography (CT) to develop an optimized protocol for PTX screening with ultrasound in the emergency department (ED).

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective review of all chest CTs performed in one ED between January 2005 and December 2008 according to presence, location, and size of PTX. Pneumothoraces were then measured and categorized into 14 anatomical regions for each hemithorax.

RESULTS:

A total of 277 (3.8%) PTXs were identified, with 26 bilateral PTX, on 3636 chest CTs performed during the study period. Etiology was blunt (85%) or penetrating trauma (15%). Eighty-three (45%) PTXs were radiographically occult on initial chest x-ray. One hundred eighty-three (66%) PTX had no chest tube at the time of CT. For both hemithoraces, the distribution demonstrated increasing PTX frequency and size from lateral to medial and from superior to inferior. Region 12 (parasternal, intercostal spaces [ICS] 7-8) was involved in 68% of PTX on either side; region 9 (parasternal, ICS 5-6), in 67% on the left and in 52% on the right; and region 11 (lateral to midclavicular line, ICS 7-8), in 46% on the left and in 53% on the right. The largest anterior-to-posterior PTX dimension was seen in region 12.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results indicate that 80.4% of right- and 83.7% of left-sided traumatic PTXs would be identified by scanning regions 9, 11, and 12. These findings suggest that a standardized protocol for PTX screening with ultrasound should include these regions.

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A lire

Echographie

Protocoles

Poster

Médecine de l'avant

Fiches mémento

Aides cognitives

03/08/2016

05/06/2016

Tracheal ultrasonography and ultrasonographic lung sliding for confirming endotracheal tube placement: Speed and Reliability

BACKGROUND:

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

RESULTS:

DISCUSSION:

12/01/2016

L'embarras du choix mais l'expertise doit passer avant

30/10/2015

Does physician experience influence the interpretability of focused echocardiography images performed by a pocket device?

25/07/2015

Focused ultrasound for airway management

20/07/2015

Prospective evaluation of prehospital trauma ultrasound during aeromedical transport.

21/06/2015

In-flight thoracic ultrasound detection of pneumothorax in combat

03/04/2015

Limited intervention improves technical skill in focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography among novice examiners.

BACKGROUNDS:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

31/03/2015

24/03/2015

22/03/2015

Ultrafest: A Novel Approach to Ultrasound in Medical Education Leads to Improvement in Written and Clinical Examinations

07/01/2015

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OBJECTIVES:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

22/12/2014

Point of care ultrasound for orotracheal tube placement assessment in out-of hospital setting.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

10/12/2014

Ten good reasons to practice ultrasound in critical care

07/12/2014

Ultrasound in the Austere Environment: A Review of the History, Indications, and Specifications

02/12/2014

24/06/2013

05/05/2013

06/04/2013

20/09/2012

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS: