Les gestes US du Role 1 chez les américains

An Analysis of 13 Years of Prehospital Combat Casualty Care: Implications for Maintaining a Ready Medical Force
Schauer SG et Al. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022 May-Jun;26(3):370-379.

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Des choses simples dans un contexte où les medevac étaient très rapides, ce qui n'est plus le cas. Poser des garrots est toujours nécessaires MAIS ne suffit plus. Les gestes sophistiqués de réanimation doivent absolument être maîtrisées. Cela passe par une autre vision, que celle actuelle,  de la médicalisation de l'avant.

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Background: 

Most potentially preventable deaths occur in the prehospital setting before reaching a military treatment facility with surgical capabilities. Thus, optimizing the care we deliver in the prehospital combat setting represents a ripe target for reducing mortality. We sought to analyze prehospital data within the Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DODTR). 

Materials and methods: 

We requested all encounters with any prehospital activity (e.g., interventions, transportation, vital signs) documented within the DODTR from January 2007 to March 2020 along with all hospital-based data that was available. We excluded from our search casualties that had no prehospital activity documented. 

Results: 

There were 28,950 encounters that met inclusion criteria. Of these, 25,897 (89.5%) were adults and 3053 were children (10.5%). There was a steady decline in the number of casualties encountered with the most notable decline occurring in 2014. U.S. military casualties comprised the largest proportion (n = 10,182) of subjects followed by host nation civilians (n = 9637). The median age was 24 years (interquartile range/IQR 21-29).

 

 

Most were battle injuries (78.6%) and part of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (61.8%) and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM (24.4%). Most sustained injuries from explosives (52.1%) followed by firearms (28.1%), with serious injury to the extremities (24.9%) occurring most frequently. The median injury severity score was 9 (IQR 4-16) with most surviving to discharge (95.0%). A minority had a documented medic or combat lifesaver (27.9%) in their chain of care, nor did they pass through an aid station (3.0%). Air evacuation predominated (77.9%). 

Conclusions: 

Within our dataset, the deployed U.S. military medical system provided prehospital medical care to at least 28,950 combat casualties consisting mostly of U.S. military personnel and host nation civilian care. There was a rapid decline in combat casualty volumes since 2014, however, on a per-encounter basis there was no apparent drop in procedural volume.

 

Plus d'infirmiers spécialisés dans le trauma

Une évidence. Et dans le système français le modèle de cet infirmier est un IADE 

 

ACNPs in the U.S. Army-Medical Force Multipliers for Large-Scale Combat Operations

Robert L Grabowski R et Al. Mil Med. 2024 Feb 27;189(3-4):74-79.

 

Operations in the Middle East have slowed, and near-peer tensions escalate. The U.S. Military has directed its attention from combating insurgencies toward preparedness for large-scale combat operations (LSCOs). The threat of LSCO demands a dramatic shift in strategy and resource and has raised questions about how the military will pivot from the counter-insurgency operations of the previous two decades. Innovation and change are needed to adequately receive, treat, hold, and transport the high volume of anticipated casualties in LSCO. Review of the current deployed medical structure has identified needs to increase emergency medical capabilities near the point of injury, increase patient holding capacity (particularly in critical care) in field hospitals and expeditionary medical facilities, and address likely delayed and prolonged medical evacuation. To address these new challenges, the authors offer recommendations for the addition of Acute Care Nurse Practitioners (ACNPs) to the U.S. Army Medical Department. ACNPs are advanced practice providers, specialized in acute and critical care. ACNPs are a potential medical force multiplier not currently utilized in the U.S. Army. If adapted, ACNPs could contribute significantly to meeting the demands of LSCO medical needs via multiple roles. Recommendations are provided by the authors, such as utilizing the ACNP within the Forward Resuscitative Surgical Detachment, Field Hospital intensive care unit, aeromedical evacuation, and/or Prolonged Care Augmentation Detachment. With support from the U.S. Army Nurse Corp and Army Medical Department, ACNPs could be integrated into the Army healthcare model, emulating the civilian standard of care for every soldier deployed. Furthermore, use of ACNPs in theater could advance deployed medical capabilities and help conserve the fighting force of the U.S. Military and its partners.

Histoires de conversion du garrot

Rethinking limb tourniquet conversion in the prehospital environment
John B Holcomb JB et Al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg . 2023 Dec 1;95(6):e54-e60.

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Un plaidoyer pour un emploi large MAIS raisonné qui doit être ENSEIGNE et notamment la problématique de sa conversion. Ceci est d'autant plus important que les délais d'évacuations risquent d'être longs.

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We have highlighted the issue of overuse of tourniquets and described why tourniquet conversion and replacement should be taught and done in the prehospital setting.

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Military Medicine

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Les anesthésistes: Pièce importante dans les guerres hybrides

A Gray Future: The Role of the Anesthesiologist in Hybrid Warfare
Granholm F et Al. Anesthesiology. 2023 Nov 1;139(5):563-567.

During the last few decades, the increasing use of asymmetric and multimodal tactics by terrorists has led anesthesiologists worldwide to analyze and discuss their role in mass casualty scenarios in more depth. Now anesthesiologists must address the new situation of hybrid threats and hybrid warfare. This will have a direct impact on anesthesiology and intensive care, and in the end, the health and well-being of critical patients of all ages. To be able to respond to a hybrid threat efficiently and effectively, it is imperative that anesthesiologists play an early and integral role in mitigation and response planning.

Chirurgie à l'avant. L'histoire enseigne de petites structures proches des combats

Surgery on the battlefield: Mobile surgical units in the Second World War and the memoirs they produced

Venables KM J Med Biogr.  2023 Aug; 31(3): 202–211.

 

In the Second World War, there was a flowering of the battlefield surgery pioneered in the Spanish Civil War. There were small, mobile surgical units in all the theatres of the War, working close behind the fighting and deployed flexibly according to the nature of the conflict. With equipment transported by truck, jeep or mule, they operated in tents, bunkers and requisitioned buildings and carried out abdominal, thoracic, head and neck, and limb surgery. Their role was to save life and to ensure that wounded soldiers were stable for casualty evacuation back down the line to a base hospital.

There is a handful of memoirs by British doctors who worked in these units and they make enthralling reading. Casualty evacuation by air replaced the use of mobile surgical units in later wars, throwing into doubt their future relevance in the management of battle wounds. But recent re-evaluations by military planners suggest that their mobility still gives them a place, so the wartime memoirs may have more value than simply as war stories.

Le drone: Incontournable !

Drones reduce the treatment-free interval in search and rescue operations with telemedical support – A randomized control trial 

Van Veelen MJ et Al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2023.01.020

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Un outil sans nul doute à maîtriser à la lumière des événements ukrainiens

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Introduction

Response to medical incidents in mountainous areas is delayed due to the remote and challenging terrain. Drones could assist in a quicker search for patients and can facilitate earlier treatment through delivery of medical equipment. We aim to assess the effects of drone deployment in search and rescue (SAR) operations in challenging terrain. We hypothesize that drones can reduce the search time and treatment-free interval of patients through initiation of telemedicine in a single mission.

Methods

In this randomized control trial with a cross-over design two methods of searching for and initiating treatment of a patient were compared. The primary outcome was a comparison of the times for locating a patient through visual contact and starting treatment on-site between the drone assisted intervention arm and the conventional ground rescue control arm. A linear mixed model (LMM) was used to evaluate the effect of using a drone on search and start of treatment times.

Results

Twenty-four SAR missions, performed by six SAR teams each with four team members, were analyzed. The mean time to locate the patient was 14.6 min (95% CI 11.3–17.9) in the drone assisted intervention arm and 20.6 min (95% CI 17.3–23.9) in the control arm. The mean time to start treatment was 15.7 min (95% CI 12.4–19.0) in the drone assisted arm and 22.4 min (95% CI 19.1–25.7) in the control arm ( p < 0.01 for both comparisons).

Conclusion

Drone deployment in SAR operations leads to a reduction in search time and treatment-free interval of patients in challenging terrain, which could improve outcomes in patients suffering from traumatic injuries, the most commonly occurring incident requiring mountain rescue deployment.

Drone: Pour quoi faire ?

SOFINS 2019: A quoi pourrait servir un drone pour le soutien médical du combattant ?

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Risques biologiques émergents: Etre prêts ?

A Hierarchy of Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Threats 

Biggs AT et Al. Military Medicine, Volume 187, Issue 7-8, July-August 2022, Pages 830–836,

 

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Trauma Prehospitalier: Aides

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Hydrazine: Qu'est ce que c'est ?

The Toxicity, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Acute Hydrazine Propellant Exposure: A Systematic Review

Nguyen HN et Al. Mil Med. 2021 Feb 26;186(3-4):e319-e326. 

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L'hydrazine est employé comme combustible dans les fusées et dans les F16 américains en tant que combustible alimentant une unité de puissance de secours. Et cela n'est pas sans conséquence lors d'une intervention auprès d'un tel type d'aéronef.

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Introduction:

Hydrazines are highly toxic inorganic liquids that are used as propellants in military and aviation industries, such as the U.S. Air Force F-16 Emergency Power Unit and SpaceX SuperDraco Rockets. The most commonly used derivatives include hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine). Industrial workers in close contact with hydrazines during routine maintenance tasks can be exposed to levels well above the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health relative exposure limits.

Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Server, and Defense Technical Information Center, and data related to hydrazine exposures were searched from inception to April 2020. Publications or reports addressing hydrazine toxicity, pathophysiology, and treatment of hydrazine fuel exposure were selected.

Results: Acute toxic exposures to hydrazine and its derivatives are rare. There are few case reports of acute toxic exposure in humans, and data are largely based on animal studies. The initial search identified 741 articles, manuscripts, and government reports. After screening for eligibility, 51 were included in this review. Eight articles reported acute exposures to hydrazine propellant in humans, and an additional 14 articles reported relevant animal data.

Conclusions: Exposure to small amounts of hydrazine and its derivatives can cause significant soft tissue injury, pulmonary injury, seizures, coma, and death. Neurologic presentations can vary based on exposure compound and dose. Decontamination is critical as treatment is mainly supportive. High-dose intravenous pyridoxine has been suggested as treatment for hydrazine-related neurologic toxicity, but this recommendation is based on limited human data. Despite recent research efforts to generate less toxic alternatives to hydrazine fuel, it will likely continue to have a role in military and aviation industries. Aerospace and military physicians should be aware of the toxicity associated with hydrazine exposure and be prepared to treat hydrazine toxicity in at-risk populations.

Plaie du coeur: Un retex brestois

Un cas clinique peu fréquent mais classique de plaie du coeur par balle où tous les grands principes du sauvetage au combat se retrouvent.

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Les brûlures

Le blessé de guerre

Secours en milieu périilleux

Le blessé par attentat terroriste

 

Médecine et parachutisme dans les armées

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Ophtalmologie de guerre

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FST, chirurgie et USAparticulièrement innovant

Où comment faire évoluer la chirurgie de guerre par la mise en place d'un écosystème spécifique

 

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TCCC: Un écosystème spécifique

Un regard sur l'émergence des nouvelles modalités de prise en charge des blessés de guerre avec pour point d'orgue l'innovation conduite et la construction d'un écosystème complet autour de la prise en charge du blessé de guerre. Une démarche à comprendre et à bien méditer.

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